Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T19:37:34.676Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan: Divergent Political Trajectories in Adjacent Maya Polities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Charles Golden ,
Andrew K. Scherer ,
A. René Muñoz  and
Rosaura Vasquez
Charles Golden
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street MS 006, Waltham, MA 02454 ([email protected])
Andrew K. Scherer
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Forensic Science, and Archaeology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97173, Waco, TX 76798-7173 ([email protected])
A. René Muñoz
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1009 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85721 ([email protected])
Rosaura Vasquez
Affiliation:
Área de Arqueología, Escuela de Historia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 5 Avenida 14-15 Residenciales El Ceibal, Villa Canales, Guatemala ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this article we present a synthetic overview and preliminary analysis of the data collected by members of the Sierra del Lacandón Regional Archaeology Project (SLRAP) during four field seasons of research from 2003 to 2007. We examine the growth, development, and transformation of the Classic Maya polities of Piedras Negras, Guatemala, and Yaxchilan, Mexico, located in the Middle Usumacinta Basin. This analysis uses a conjunctive approach, incorporating analyses of iconography, epigraphy, settlement patterns, ceramics, mortuary patterns, and architectural styles. During the Late Preclassic period (c. 250 B.C.-A.D. 350) settlement was scattered widely across the study region and Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan were only two of a number of other equally powerful Preclassic communities. In the Early Classic period (c. A.D. 350-600) royal dynasties were established at both Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan and the population of the region became concentrated at these two sites. During the Late Classic period (c. A.D. 600-810) the political frontier between Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan was repopulated and transformed into a contested border zone surrounding a political boundary. This territorial expansion culminated in endemic warfare by the eighth century A.D., which may have ultimately led to the demise of these two Maya polities.

Resumen

Resumen

En este artículo presentamos la visión sintética y los resultados de los analices preliminares de los datos recolectados por los miembros del Proyecto Arqueológico Sierra del Lacandón (PRASL) durante los cuatro temporadas de campo, desde 2003 a 2007. Discutimos el crecimiento, el desarrollo, y la transformación de las entidades políticas mayas del periodo Clásico de Piedras Negras, Guatemala y Yaxchilan, México, ambos ubicados en la cuenca media del Río Usumacinta. Utilizamos un método conjuntivo, que incluye los análisis de iconografía, epigrafía, patrones de asentamiento, la cerámica, patrones funerarios, y estilos arquitectónicos. Durante el periodo Preclásico (c. 250 a.C.-d.C. 350) los asentamientos fueron ubicados en un gran parte de la region del estudio, y Piedras Negras y Yaxchilan constituyeron solamente dos sitios entre varias comunidades Preclásicos sin una jerarquía política entre ellos. Durante el periodo Clásico temprano (c.d.C. 350-600) las dinastías reales fueron establecidos en Piedras Negras y Yaxchilan, y las poblaciones regionales abandonaron el gran parte del paisaje y se concentraron dentro de núcleos y los alrededores del los dos sitios. Durante el periodo Clásico tardío (c. d.C. 600-810) el limite político entre los reinos fue reocupado y transformado, volviendolo una zona fronteriza contestada. La expansión territorial culminó en guerra endémica en el siglo octavo y noveno, lo cual formó parte de la destrucción de ambas entidades políticas.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , September 2008 , pp. 249 - 274
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Acuña Smith, Mary Jane 2005 La Cerámica del Clásico Temprano de Piedras Negras. Unpublished Licenciatura thesis, Escuela de Historia, Área de Arqueología, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Aimers, James J., and Rice, Prudence M. 2006 Astronomy, Ritual and the Interpretation of the Maya “E-Group” Architectural Assemblages. Ancient Mesoamerica 17(1):79–96.Google Scholar
Aliphat, Mario M. 1994 Classic Maya Landscape in the Upper Usumacinta River Valley. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calgary, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Anaya Hernández, Armando 2001 Site Interaction and Political Geography in the Upper Usumacinta Region During the Late Classic: A CIS Approach. BAR International Series 994. J. and E. Hedges, Oxford.Google Scholar
Anaya Hernández, Armando 2005a The Redención del Campesino Valley Archaeological Survey. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/01080/index.html, accessed December 12, 2006. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerica Studies, Inc.Google Scholar
Anaya Hernández, Armando 2005b Strategic Location and Territorial Integrity: The Role of Subsidiary Sites in the Classic Maya Kingdoms of the Upper Usumacinta Region. Internet Archaeology 19. Electronic resource, http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issuel9/3/3.html, accessed December 12, 2006.Google Scholar
Arkush, Elizabeth, and Stanish, Charles 2005 Interpreting Conflict in the Ancient Andes. Current Anthropology 46:3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arroyave Prera, Ana Lucía 2004 TC Operaciones 1, 3, y 4: Excavaciones de Sondeo en El Area Central y en Un Grupo Periferico del Sitio Tecolote. In Proyecto Regional Arqueológico Sierra del Lacandón, Informe Preliminar No. 2, Segunda Temporada 2004, edited by Charles Golden, Luis Alberto Romero, Karla Alvarez Dardón, and Martín Rangel, pp. 44–58. Informe Presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala (IDAEH) Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Arroyave Prera, Ana Lucía 2007 Excavaciones En El Kinel, Grupo Sur: Operatión EK-03A, Temporada 2007. In Proyecto Regional Arqueológico Sierra del Lacandón, Informe de la Quinta Temporada de Campo, edited by Andrew K. Scherer, Charles Golden, and Rosaura Vásquez, pp. 41–66. Informe Presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala (IDAEH) Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, and Geller, Pamela L. 2005 Social Dimensions of Mortuary Space. In Interacting with the Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium, edited by Gordon F. M. Rakita, Jane E. Buikstra, Lane A. Beck and Sloan R. Williams, pp. 81–92. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Bachand, Bruce 1997 Examination of a Ceramic Collection from Piedras Negras, Guatemala Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K. 1998 Urbanism and State Formation in the Huamelulpan valley of Southern Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 9:37–67.Google Scholar
Bey, George 2003 The Role of Ceramics in the Study of Conflict in Maya Archaeology. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown and Travis Stanton, pp. 19–30. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Borgstede, Greg, Romero, Luis A., Golden, Charles W., and Rangel, Martin 2004 Una Comparación de los Patrones de Asentamiento Fronterizos en la Cuenca Usumacinta y las Tierras Altas Occidentales durante el Periodo Clásico. Paper presented at the XVIII Simpósio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E. and Charles, Douglas K. 1999 Centering the Ancestors: Cemeteries, Mounds, and Sacred Landscapes of the Ancient North American Midcontinent. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 201–228. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Byland, Bruce E. 1994 Boundary Recognition in the Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico. Publications in Anthropology–Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Vanderbilt University 31:109–140.Google Scholar
Chapman, Robert 1981 The Emergence of Formal Disposal Areas and the “Problem” of Megalithic Tombs in Prehistoric Europe. In The Archaeology of Death, edited by Robert Chapman, Ian Kinnes, and Klavs Randsborg, pp. 71–81. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Chapman, Robert 1995 Ten Years After—Megaliths, Mortuary Practices, and the Territorial Model. In Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by Lane Anderson Beck, pp. 29–51. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Charles, Douglas K., and Buikstra, Jane E. 2002 Siting, Sighting, and Citing the Dead. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 11(1):13–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1996 More than Kin and King: Centralized Political Organization among the Late Classic Maya. Current Anthropology 37:803–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., Chase, Arlen F., and Haviland, William A. 1990 The Classic Maya City: Reconsidering ‘The Meso-marican Urban Tradition’. American Anthropologist 92:499–506.Google Scholar
Chesson, Meredith S. 2001 Social Memory, Identity, and Death: An Introduction. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 10(1): 1–10.Google Scholar
Child, Mark B. 2006 The Symbolic Space of the Ancient Maya Sweatbath. In Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, edited by Elizabeth C. Robertson, Jeffrey D. Seibert, Deepika C. Fernandez, and Marc U. Zender, pp. 157–168. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinchilla, Oswaldo M., and Houston, Stephen D. 1993 Historia Politica de la Zona de Piedras Negras: Las Inscripciones de El Cayo. In VI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte, Héctor Escobedo, and Sandra Villagran de Brady, pp. 63–70. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Coe, William R. 1959 Piedras Negras Archaeology: Artifacts, Caches, and Burials. Museum Monographs. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Cohen, Abner 1974 Two-Dimensional Man: An Essay on the Anthropology of Power and Symbolism in Complex Society. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1997 State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:129–161.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H. 2000 The Barricade and Abandonment of Chunchucmil: Implications for Northern Maya Warfare. Latin American Antiquity 11:283–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demarest, Arthur, A., O’Mansky, Matt, Wolley, Claudia, Tuerenhout, Dirk Van, Inomata, Takeshi, Palka, Joel, and Escobedo, Héctor 1997 Classic Maya Defensive Systems and Warfare in the Petexbatun Region: Archaeological Evidence and Interpretations. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:229–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Montmollin, Olivier 1988 Tenam Rosario–A Political Microcosm. American Antiquity 53:351–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Montmollin, Olivier 1989 Settlement Survey in the Rosario Valley, Chiapas, Mexico. New World Archaeological Foundation, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Demand, Nancy H. 1990 Urban Relocation in Archaic and Classical Greece: Flight and Consolidation. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Escobedo, Héctor L. 2004 Tales from the Crypt: The Burial Place of Ruler 4, Piedras Negras. In Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya, edited by Mary E. Miller and Simon Martin, pp. 277–280. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Falconer, Steven E., and Savage, Stephen H. 1995 Heartlands and Hinterlands: Alternative Trajectories of Urbanization in Mesopotamia and the Southern Levant. American Antiquity 60:37–58.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James 2004 Mural Estructura 1 Sitio Arqueológico Tecolote. In Proyecto Regional Arqueológico Sierra del Lacandón, Informe Preliminar No.2, Primera Temporada 2004, edited by Charles Golden, Luis Alberto Romero, Karla Álvarez Dardón, and Martín Rangel, pp. 68–70. Informe presentado Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James, L. 1998 Classic Maya Mortuary Anniversaries at Piedras Negras. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:271–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James, L. 2002 Death and the Maya: Language and Archaeology in Classic Maya Mortuary Ceremonialism. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James, L., Scherer, Andrew K., Houston, Stephen D., and Escobedo, Héctor L. 2003 Guardian of the Acropolis: The Sacred Space of a Royal Burial at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 14:449–468.Google Scholar
Forné, Mélanie 2006 La Cronología Cerámica de La Joyanca, Noroeste del Petén, Guatemala. BAR International Series 1572. Archaeopress, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García Moll, Roberto 1975 Primera Temporada Arqueolégica en Yaxchilán, Chiapas. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 12:3–12.Google Scholar
García Moll, Roberto 1996 Yaxchilan, Chiapas. Arqueología Mexicana 4(22):36–45.Google Scholar
García Moll, Roberto 2003 La Arquitectura de Yaxchilan. Conaculta, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
García Moll, Roberto 2004a Shield Jaguar and Structure 23 at Yaxchilan. In Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya, edited by Mary E. Miller and Simon Martin. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco.Google Scholar
García Moll, Roberto 2004b Yaxchilan: Evolutión Interna In Homenaje a Jaime Litvak, edited by Anotonio Benavides, Linda Manzanilla and Lorena Mirambell, pp. 287–316. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 2002 Body and Soul among the Maya: Keeping the Spirits in Place. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 11:67–78.Google Scholar
Gillot Vassaux, Alejandro, Hruby, Zachary X., and René Muñoz, A. 1999 Excavaciones en la Plaza Sur del Grupo C. In Proyecto Arqueologico Piedras Negras: Informe Preliminar No. 3, Tercera Temporada, 1999, edited by Héctor L. Escobedo and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 151–170. Informe Entregado al Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles W. 2003 The Politics of Warfare in the Usumacinta Basin: La Pasadita and the Realm of Bird Jaguar. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown and Travis Stanton, pp. 31–48. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California Google Scholar
Golden, Charles W., Barrientos, Tomás, Hruby, Zachary and René Muñoz, A. 1999 La Pasadita: Nuevas Investigaciones en un Sitio Secundario en la Region del Usumacinta. In XII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte and Héctor L. Escobedo, pp. 435–454. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles W., Vassaux, Alejandro Gillot, and Parnell, Jacob J. 2000 Reconocimiento en Macabilero. In Proyecto Arqueologico Piedras Negras: Informe Preliminar No. 4, Cuarta Temporada 2000, edited by Héctor L. Escobedo and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 513–524. Proyecto Arqueológico Piedras Negras, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles, Romero, Luis Alberto, Dardón, Karla Alvarez, and Rangel, Martín (editors) 2005 Proyecto Regional Arqueológico Sierra del Lacandón, Informe Preliminar No. 2, Segunda Temporada 2004. Informe Entregado al Instituto de Antropologéa e Historia de Guatemala (IDAEH), Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles, Vasquez, Rosaura, and Marzahn-Ramos, Betsy 2007 Excavaciones en la Estructura HI0–1, Sector Norte de El Kinel. In Proyecto Regional Arqueologico Sierra del Lacandon, Informe de la Quinta Temporada de Campo, edited by Andrew K. Scherer, Charles Golden, and Rosaura Vasquez, pp. 15–40. Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles W., and Scherer, Andrew K. 2006 Border Problems: Recent Archaeological Research along the Usumacinta River. PARI Journal 7(2):1–16.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles W., Scherer, Andrew K., and René Muñoz, A. 2005 Exploring the Piedras Negras-Yaxchilán Border Zone: Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra del Lacandón, 2004. Mexican XXVII(1):11–16.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles W., Zamora, Marcello, René Muñoz, A., Roman, Edwin, Scherer, Andrew K., and Scatena, Fred N. 2004 Noticias de La Frontera: Nuevas Investigaciones en el Parque Nacional Sierra del Lacandón In XVII Simpósio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte and Héctor L. Escobedo, pp. 257–266. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Lynn G. 1980 Mississippian Mortuary Practices: A Case Study of Two Cemeteries in the Lower Illinois River Valley. Northwestern University Archaeology Program, Scientific Papers, Number 4. Northwestern University, Evanston.Google Scholar
Hassig, Ross 1988 Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 2000 Having and Holding: Storage, Memory, Knowledge, and Social Relations. American Anthropologist 102:42–53.Google Scholar
Holley, George 1983 Ceramic Changes at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Illinois University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor L., and Webster, David 2008 In the Land of the Turtle Lords: Piedras Negras, a Classic Maya City. Unpublished Manuscript, Brown University, Providence.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor, Child, Mark, Golden, Charles and Muñoz, René 2003 The Moral Community: Maya Settlement Transformation at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. In The Social Construction of Ancient Cities, edited by Monica L. Smith, pp. 212–253. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor, Child, Mark, Golden, Charles, Terry, Richard, and Webster, David L. 2000 In the Land of the Turtle Lords: Archaeological Investigations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 2000. Mexicon XXII:97–110.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor, Forsyth, Donald, Hardin, Perry, Webster, David L., and Wright, Lori E. 1998 On the River of Ruins: Explorations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 1997. Mexicon XX:16–21.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor, Hardin, Perry, Terry, Richard, Webster, David L., Child, Mark, Golden, Charles, Emery, Kitty, and Stuart, David 1999 Between Mountains and Sea: Investigations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 1998. Mexicon 21:10–17.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor L., Golden, Charles W., Scherer, Andrew K., Vásquez, Rosaura, Arroyave, Ana Lucía, Quiroa, Fabiola, and Meléndez, Juan Carlos 2006 La Técnica and El Kinel: Mounds and Monuments Upriver from Yaxchilan Mexicon 18(5).Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor, Scherer, Andrew K., Fitzsimmons, James L., and Child, Mark 2003 Classic Maya Death at Piedras Negras, Guatemala In Antropología de la Eternidad: La Muerte en La Cultura Maya., edited by Andres Ciudad Ruiz, Maria Humberto Ruz, and Maréa Josefa Iglesias Ponce de León, pp. 113–144. Sociedad de Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor, Terry, Richard, Webster, David L., Veni, George, and Emery, Kitty F. 2000 Among the River Kings: Archaeological Research at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 1999. Mexicon XX: 16–22.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Golden, Charles, René Muñoz, A. and Scherer, Andrew K. 2006 A Yaxchilan-Style Lintel, Possibly from the Area of Retalteco, Petén. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing No. 61. Electronic resource, http://www.utmesoamerica.org/pdf_meso/RRAMW61rev.pdf, accessed December 12, 2006. The Mesoamerica Center, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., and Stuart, David 2001 Peopling the Classic Maya Court. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1: Theory, Comparison, and Synthesis, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 54–83. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles 2004 Problems in the Definition of “Minor Centers” in Maya Archaeology with Reference to the Upper Belize Valley. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by James Garber, pp. 273–286. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Johnson, Gregory A 1977 Aspects of Regional Analysis in Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 6(479–508).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Kristofer D., Terry, Richard E., Jackson, Mark W., and Golden, Charles 2007 Ancient Soil Resourcs of the Usumacinta River Region, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(7): 1117–1129.Google Scholar
Kamal, Omar S., Ware, Gene A., Houston, Stephen D., Chabries, Douglas M., Christiansen, Richard W., Brady, James, and Graham, Ian 1999 Multispectral Image Processing For Detail Reconstruction and Enhancement of Maya Murals from La Pasadita, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:1391–1397.Google Scholar
Lee, Thomas A. Jr., and Hayden, Brian 1988 San Pablo Cave and El Cayo on the Usumacinta River, Chiapas, Mexico. New World Archaeological Foundatoin, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Lopez-Varela, Sandra L. 1989 Análisis y Clasificación de la Cerámica de un Sitio Maya del Clásico: Yaxchilán, Mexico. BAR International Series, 535. J. and E. Hodges, Oxford.Google Scholar
Maler, Teobert 1901 Researches in the Central Portion of the Usumatsintla Valley: Report of Explorations for the Museum 1898–1900. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 2(1). Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Maler, Teobert 1903 Researches in the Central Portion of the Usumatcintla Valley. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 2, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 2003 Recent Advances in Maya Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 11 (2):71–148.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 2004 Primary and Secondary State Formation in Southern Mesoamerica. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canuto and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 357–373. University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce, and Flannery, Kent 1996 Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens. 2nd ed. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter 1998 Una Lectura de un Nuevo Monumento de El Cayo, Chiapas, y sus Implicaciones Politicas. In Modelos de Entidades Politicas Mayas: Primer Seminario de las Mesas Redondas de Palenque, edited by Silvia Trejo, pp. 113–139. INAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter, and Aliphat Fernandez, Mario M. 1997 Informe de la Temporada de Campo 1993, Proyecto El Cayo. Informe Presentado ante el Consejo de Arqueología del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México City.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1998 Ancestors and the Classic Maya Built Environment. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Stephen D. Houston, pp. 271–298. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Monterroso, Nancy 1997 PN 3: Excavaciones en la Plaza del Grupo Sur. In Proyecto Arqueológico Piedras Negras, Informe Preliminar No. 1. Primera Temporada 1997, edited by Héctor L. Escobedo and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 103–122. Informe Presentado al Instituto de Antropologia e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Monterroso, Nancy 1998 PN 23: Excavaciones en la Plaza de R–20. In Proyecto Arqueológico Piedras Negras, Informe Preliminar No. 2, Segunda Temporada 1998, edited by Héctor L. Escobedo and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 103–122. Informe Presentado al Instituto de Antropologia e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Montgomery, John E. 1995 Sculptors of the Realm: Classic Maya Artist's Signatures and Sculptural Style During the Reign of Piedras Negras Ruler 7. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Morales, Paulino 2001 Prospección A rqueológica del Sitio El Kinel, La Libertad, Petén: Temporada 2001. Informe Entregado al Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G 1931 Report of the Yaxchilán Expedition. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 30:132–139.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G 1937–1938 The Inscriptions of Petén. Publication No. 437. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Muñoz, A. René 2004a The Ceramic Sequence of Piedras Negras, Guatemala: Types and Varieties. Electronic resource, http://www.famsi.org/reports/02055/index.html, accessed December 12, 2006. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Research, Inc.Google Scholar
Muñoz, A. René 2004b Proyecto Regional Archaeologico Sierra del Lacandón: Estudio Cerámico 2004. In Proyecto Arqueologico Parque Nacional Sierra del Lacandon, Piedras Negras 2004, Informe 2, Temporada 2004, edited by Charles Golden, Luis Alberto Romero, Karla Alvarez Dardón, and Martín Rangel, pp. 184–195. Informe Presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala (IDAEH) Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Muñoz, A. René 2006 Power, Practice, and Production: Technological Change in the Late Classic Ceramics of Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Muñoz, A. René, Acuña, Mary Jane, and Perez, Griselda 2002 Preclásico a Clásico Temprano en la Cerámica de Piedras Negras: Problemas y Implicaciones para Patrones de Asentamiento Regional. Utz’zib 3(3).Google Scholar
Neitzel, J. 1994 Boundary Dynamics in the Chacoan Regional System. In The Ancient Southwestern Community: Models and Methods for the Study of Prehistoric Social Organization, edited by W. H. Wills and Robert D. Leonard, pp. 209–240. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Pérez Robles, Griselda 2006 La Secuencia Cerámica del Período Preclásico en Piedras Negras, Petén. Unpublished Licenciatura thesis, Escuela de Historia, Área de Arqueología, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Pérez Robles, Griselda, and Arroyave, Ana Lucía 2006 Excavaciones en El Kinel, Grupo Sur: Operatión 3. In Proyecto RegionalArqueologico Sierra del Lacandon, Informe Preliminar No. 4, edited by CharlesGolden, Andrew K. Scherer and Rosaura Vasquez, pp. 40–61. Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1960 Historical Implications of a Patten of Dates at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. American Antiquity 25:454–475.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1963 Historical Data in the Inscriptions of Yaxchilan. Estudios de Cultura Maya 3:149–167.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1964 Historical Data in the Inscriptions of Yaxchilan (part II). Estudios de Cultura Maya 4:177–201.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin 1976 Megaliths, Territories, and Populations. In Acculturation and Continuity in Atlantic Europe, edited by S. J. de Laet, pp. 198–220. De Tempel, Bruges, Belgium.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S., and Rice, Prudence M. 1981 Muralla de Leon: A Lowland Maya Fortification. Journal of Field Archaeology 8:271–288.Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, Linton 1944 No 2. Structure R-11 (South Group Ball Court). Piedras Negras Archaeology: Architecture, Part IV Ball Courts University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, Linton Jr 1933 Piedras Negras, Preliminary Papers: The Group Ball Court: Structures R-11 and R-11-b, with a Preliminary Note on the West Group Ball Court (Structures K-6-a and K-6-b). The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Saxe, Arthur A. 1971 Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda 1991 An Epigraphic History of the Western Maya Region. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence, edited by T. Patrick Gilbert, pp. 72–101. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda, and Mathews, Peter 1991 Royal Visits and Other Intersite Relationships Among the Classic Maya. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence, edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 226–252. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Scherer, Andrew K., Wright, Lori E., and Yoder, Cassady J. 2007 Bioarchaeological Evidence for Social and Temporal Differences in Subsistence at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 18:85–104.Google Scholar
Scherer, Andrew K., Yoder, Cassady J., and Wright, Lori E. 1999 Los Esqueletos de Piedras Negras: Reporte Preliminar#3. In Proyecto Arqueológico Piedras Negras: Informe Preliminar #3, Tercera Temporada, 1999, edited by Héctor L. Escobedo and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 387–400. Informe Presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Scherer, Andrew K., Yoder, Cassady J., and Wright, Lori E. 2001 Los Esqueletos de Piedras Negras: Reporte Preliminar #4. In Proyecto Arqueológico Piedras Negras: Informe Preleminar #4, Cuarto Temporada, 2000, edited by Héctor L. Escobedo and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 553–557. Informe Presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Golden, Charles 2004 Kingship and Polity: Conceptualizing the Maya Body Politic. In Continuities and Changes in Maya Archaeology, edited by Charles W. Golden and Greg Borgstede, pp. 23–50. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M 1998 Excerpt from Edwin Shook’s Field Notebook, June 1937. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Newsletter 25:13–16.Google Scholar
Smith, J. Gregory 2000 The Chichen Itza—Ek Balam Transect Project: An Intersite Perspective on Political Organization of the Ancient Maya. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Spencer, Charles S., and Redmond, Elsa M. 2004 Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology 33:173–199.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1998a “The Fire Enters His House’: Architecture and Ritual in Classic May a Texts. In Form and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Stephen D. Houston, pp. 373–425. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1998b Una Guerra Entre Yaxchilan y Piedras Negras? In Proyecto Arqueologico Piedras Negras: Informe Preliminar No. 2, Segunda Temporada, 1998, edited by H. Escobedo and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 389–392. Informe Entregado al Instituto de Antropologia e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Tate, Carolyn E. 1992 Yaxchilán: The Design of a Maya Ceremonial City. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Weeks, John M., Hill, Jane A., and Golden, Charles W. (editors) 2005 Piedras Negras Archaeology: 1931–1939. The University of Pennsylvania Museum Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Welsh, W. Bruce M. 1988 An Analysis of Classic Lowland Maya Burials. BAR International Series, 409. J. and E. Hodges, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wright, Henry T. 1984 Prestate Political Formations. In On the Evolution of Complex Societies, edited by Timothy Earle, pp. 41–47. Undena, Malibu, California.Google Scholar
Wright, Henry T, and Johnson, Gregory A. 1974 Population, Exchange, and Early State Formation in Southwestern Iran. American Anthropologist 77:267–289.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason, and Robin, Cynthia 2004 Heterogenous Hinterlands: The Social and Political Organization of Commoner Settlements near Xunantunich, Belize. In Ancient Maya Commoners, edited by John C. Lohse and Fred Valdez, Jr., pp. 147–174. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zender, Marc 2002 The Toponyms of El Cayo, Piedras Negras, and La Mar. In Heart of Creation: The Mesoamerican World and the Legacy of Linda Scheie, edited by Andrea Stone, pp. 166–185. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar