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Mobile Communities and Pastoralist Landscapes During the Formative Period in the Central Altiplano of Bolivia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

José M. Capriles
José M. Capriles*
Affiliation:
Instituto de Alta Investigatión, Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Casilla 6-D, Arica, Chile ([email protected])
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Abstract

The domestication of llamas and alpacas was fundamental for the cultural and economic development of Andean societies, but the origins of camelid pastoralism as a distinct mode of socioeconomic organization remain little understood. Whereas most archaeological interpretations of prehispanic highland societies emphasize the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture as a process marked by the establishment of agricultural sedentary villages, other subsistence and mobility strategies have been for the most part overlooked. A case in point is the Wankarani cultural complex from the Central Altiplano of Bolivia, which has been interpreted as an example of an early village-based sedentary society. Here, I argue that a model of mobile pastoralism based on ethnoarchaeological research better explains the Central Altiplano's Formative period archaeological record. Recently collected data support this proposition. Settlement patterns consisted of multiple dispersed camps attached to residential bases occupied recurrently. Horizontal excavations from a residential base revealed structures and features analogous to pastoralist landscapes documented around the world. Faunal identification confirmed the preponderance of domesticated camelids. Based on this evidence, I argue that we need better explanatory frameworks for approaching the origins, organization, and variability associated with early food producing societies such as mobile camelid pastoralists.

Resumen

Resumen

La domesticatión de llamas y alpacas fue fundamental para el desarrollo cultural y económico de las sociedades andinas. Sin embargo, el origen del pastoreo de camélidos como un distintivo modo de organizatión socioeconómica permanece poco entendido. Considerando que la mayoría de las interpretaciones arqueológicas acerca de las sociedades prehispánicas del altiplano hacen hincapié en que la transición de la caza y recolección hacia la agricultura fue un proceso marcado por el establecimiento de aldeas agrícolas sedentarias, la importancia de otras estrategias de subsistencia y movilidad ha sido, en su mayor parte, desestimada. Como ejemplo está el complejo cultural Wankarani del Periodo Formativo del altiplano central de Bolivia, que ha sido previamente caracterizado como un ejemplo de sociedad temprana basada en aldeas. En contraste, aquí se propone que un modelo de pastoreo móvil basado en investigatión etnoarqueológica y etnográfica explica mejor el registro arqueológico del Periodo Formativo en altiplano central. Datos recientemente recolectados de prospección, excavatión y análisis de fauna apoyan esta proposition. Los patrones de asentamiento consistieron de múltiples campamentos dispersos conectados a bases residenciales ocupadas recurrentemente. Excavaciones horizontales de una base residential revelaron la existencia de superposiciones de rasgos y estructuras andlogas a otras halladas en paisajes pastoriles documentados alrededor del mundo. La identificatión de fauna confirmó la preponderancia de camélidos domesticados como la base diétetica, pero también el consumo generalizado de recursos silvestres, probablemente procurados durante paseos de pastoreo. En base a esta evidencia, se argumenta que se necesitan mejores marcos explicativos asicomo adecuadas estrategias metodológicas para abordar los origenes, la organización y la variabilidad asociada con las sociedades tempranas productoras de alimentos a escala de subsistencia tales como los pastores móviles de camélidos en los Andes.

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Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , March 2014 , pp. 3 - 26
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2014

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