Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T06:12:07.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Domestic Life and Vertical Integration in the Tiwanaku Heartland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Marc Bermann
Marc Bermann*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Recent research on the Tiwanaku state has documented the evolution of regional settlement patterns and agricultural systems, but little is known of changes at the subregional level outside the capital. Analysis of a sequence of domestic occupations excavated at Lukurmata, Bolivia, provides information on how individual households within the Tiwanaku core area were consolidated into the Tiwanaku polity. Changes in residential patterns and artifact assemblages suggest that Lukurmata households were initially connected to the Tiwanaku polity through exchange and religious ties. A new level of assimilation developed in the eighth and ninth centuries A.D. These changes, including agricultural intensification, illustrate the increasing integration of individual households into the Tiwanaku political economy and social order as the landscape developed. The nature and timing of these changes are consistent with current hypotheses of a transformation in Tiwanaku political and economic organization near the end of the Tiwanaku IV period (A.D. 400-800).

Recientes investigaciones referidas al estado Tiwanaku han documentado la evolución tanto de los patrones de asentamiento a nivel regional como de los sistemas agrícolas, aunque poco se sabe de los cambios a nivel local y sub-regional fuera de la capital. El análisis de una secuencia de ocupaciones domésticas excavadas en Lukurmata, Bolivia, provee información de cómo las unidades domésticas dentro del área nuclear de Tiwanaku fueron consolidadas dentro de la entidad política Tiwanaku. Cambios en los patrones residenciales y conjuntos de artefactos sugieren que los vínculos iniciales de las unidades domésticas con Tiwanaku fueron de carácter limitado e indirecto. Esto se manifiesta principalmente en la adopción del estilo Tiwanaku en vasijas de servicio y usadas en rituales domésticos. Un nuevo nivel de asimilación se desarrolla en los siglos octavo y noveno d.C. Estos cambios, incluyendo la intensificación de la producción agrícola, ilustran la creciente integración de las unidades domésticas individuales a la economía política y orden social de Tiwanaku, mientras la región se desarrollaba como un área especializada de sostentación urbana. El tiempo y naturaleza de estos cambios son congruentes con las actuales hipótesis de transformación de la organización política y económica del estado Tiwanaku acaecidas a fines del período Tiwanaku IV (500-900 d.C.).

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , June 1997 , pp. 93 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Albarracin-Jordan, J. 1992 Prehispanic and Early Colonial Settlement Patterns in the Lower Tiwanaku Valley, Bolivia. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.Google Scholar
Albarracin-Jordan, J. 1996 Tiwanaku: arqueología regional y dinámica segmentaria. Plural, La Paz.Google Scholar
Albarracin-Jordan, J., and Mathews, J. 1990 Asentamientos prehispánicos del Valle de Tiwanaku: volumen 1. CIMA, La Paz.Google Scholar
Batten, D. 1993 Factors in the Growth of Cities: Transportation and Supply in Preindustrial Europe. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Bennett, W. 1934 Excavations at Tiahuanaco. Anthropological Papers Vol. 34. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Bennett, W. 1936 Excavations in Bolivia. Anthropological Papers Vol. 35. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Bermann, M. 1989 Una excavación de prueba cerca del templo semisubterráneo de Lukurmata. In Arqueología de Lukurmata, vol. 2, edited by A. Kolata, pp. 93–113. Instituto Nacional de Arqueología, La Paz.Google Scholar
Bermann, M. 1990 Prehispanic Household and Empire at Lukurmata, Bolivia. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Bermann, M. 1994 Lukurmata: Household Archaeology in Prehispanic Bolivia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey Google Scholar
Browman, D. 1978 Toward the Development of the Tiahuanaco (Tiwanaku) State. In Advances in Andean Archaeology, edited by D. Browman, pp. 327–349. Mouton, The Hague.Google Scholar
Browman, D. 1981 New Light on Andean Tiwanaku. American Scientist 69:408–419.Google Scholar
Browman, D. 1997 Political Institutional Factors Contributing to the Integration of the Tiwanaku State. In Emergence and Change in Early Urban Societies, edited by L. Manzanilla, pp. 229–243. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, E. 1987 Elite and Utilitarian Crafts in the Aztec State. In Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, edited by E. Brumfiel and T. Earle, pp. 102–118. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Casanova, E. 1942 Dos yacimientos arqueológicas en la península de Copacabana (Bolivia). Anales del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales XL:333–399. Buenos AiresGoogle Scholar
Chávez, K. 1985 Early Tihuanaco Related Ceremonial Burners from Cuzco, Peru. In Diálogo Andino 4, edited by M. Rivera, pp. 137–178. Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.Google Scholar
Costin, C. 1986 From Chiefdom to Empire State: Ceramic Economy Among the Prehispanic Wanka of Highland Peru. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Costin, C., and Earle, T. 1989 Status Distinction and Legitimation of Power as Reflected in Changing Patterns of Consumption in Late Prehispanic Peru. American Antiquity 54:691–714.Google Scholar
D’Altroy, T. 1987 Transitions in Power: Centralization of Wanka Political Organization under Inca Rule. Ethnohistory 34:78–10 Google Scholar
D’Altroy, T. 1992 Provincial Power in the Inca Empire. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
D’Altroy, T., and Earle, T. 1985 Staple Finance, Wealth Finance, and Storage in the Inca Political Economy. Current Anthropology 25(2):187–206.Google Scholar
Douglas, M., and Isherwood, B. 1979 The World of Goods: Toward an Anthropology of Consumption. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
Earle, T., and D’Altroy, T. 1989 The Political Economy of the Inca Empire: The Archaeology of Power and Finance. In Archaeological Thought in America, edited by C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, pp. 183–204. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Earle, T., D’Altroy, T., Hastorf, C., Scott, C., Costin, C., Russell, G., and Sandefur, E. 1987 Archaeological Field Research in the Upper Mantaro, Peru, 1982–1983: Investigations of Inca Expansion and Exchange. Publication No. 28. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Erickson, C. 1988 An Archaeological Investigation of Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Tuicaca Basin of Peru. Ph.D dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Erickson, C. 1993 The Social Organization of Prehispanic Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin. In Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 7, edited by V. Scarborough and B. Isaac, pp. 369–425. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Goldschmidt, T., and Kunkel, E. 1971 The Structure of the Peasant Family. American Anthropologist 73:1058–1076.Google Scholar
Goldstein, P. 1989 Omo, a Tiwanaku Provincial Center in Moquegua, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Goldstein, P. 1993 Tiwanaku Temples and State Expansion. Latin American Antiquity 4:22–41.Google Scholar
Graffam, G. 1990 Raised Fields without Bureaucracy: An Archaeological Examination of Intensive Wetland Cultivation in the Pampa Koani Zone, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto.Google Scholar
Graffam, G. 1992 Beyond State Collapse: Rural History, Raised Fields, and Pastoralism in the South Andes. American Anthropologist 94:882–904.Google Scholar
Hastorf, C. 1990 The Effect of the Inca State on Sausa Agricultural Production and Crop Consumption. American Antiquity 55:262–290.Google Scholar
Hastorf, C. 1993 Agriculture and the Onset of Political Inequality before the Inca. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hyslop, J. 1976 An Archaeological Investigation of the Lupaca Kingdom and Its Origins. Ph.D dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Izko, X. 1992 La doble frontera: ecología, poltíica y ritual en el altiplano central. HISBOL, La Paz.Google Scholar
Janusek, J. 1994 State and Local Power in a Prehispanic Andean Polity: Changing Patterns of Urban Residence in Tiwanaku and Lukurmata, Bolivia. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Julien, C. 1982 Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region. In The Inca and Aztec States, 1400–1800, edited by G. Collier, R. Rosaldo, and J. Wirth, pp. 119–151. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Julien, C. 1983 Hatunqolla: A View of Inca Rule from the Lake Titicaca Region. Series Publications in Anthropology, vol. 15. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Julien, C. 1993 Finding a Fit: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Incas. In Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State, edited by M. Malpass, pp. 177–233. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1986 The Agricultural Foundations of the Tiwanaku State: A View from the Heartland. American Antiquity 51:748–762.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1991 The Technology and Organization of Agricultural Production in the Tiwanaku State. Latin American Antiquity 2:99–125.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1992 Economy, Ideology, and Imperialism in the South-Central Andes. In Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by A. Demarest and G. Conrad, pp. 65–86. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1993 The Tiwanaku. Blackwell, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kolata, A., and Ortloff, C. 1996 Agroecological Perspectives on the Decline of the Tiwanaku State. In Tiwanaku and Its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Volume 1, Agroecology, edited by A. Kolata, pp. 181–202. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
La Barre, W. 1948 The Aymara Indians of the Lake Titicaca Plateau, Bolivia. Memoir No. 68. American Anthropological Association, Menasha, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
La Lone, D. 1992 An Andean World-System: Production Transformations under the Inka Empire. In The Economic Anthropology of the State, edited by E. Brumfiel, pp. 17–42. University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Liendo, L. 1956 Excavaciones en Churijahuira—Cuyahuani. Khana TV (21 y 22):23–56.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, K., and Feinman, G. 1982 Social Differentiation and Leadership Development in Early Pithouse Villages in the Mogollon Region of the American Southwest. American Antiquity 47:65–86.Google Scholar
McAnany, P. 1992a Agricultural Tasks and Tools: Patterns of Stone Tool Discard near Prehistoric Maya Residences Bordering Pulltrouser Swamp, Belize. In Gardens of Prehistory: The Archaeology of Settlement Agriculture in Greater Mesoamerica, edited by T. Killion, pp. 184–214. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
McAnany, P. 1992b A Theoretical Perspective on Elites and Economic Transformation of Classic Period Maya Households. In Understanding Economic Processes, edited by S. Ortiz and S. Lees, pp. 85–106. Monographs in Economic Anthropology No. 10. University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
McAndrews, T., Albarracin-Jordan, J., and Bermann, M. 1996 Regional Settlement Patterns in the Tiwanaku Valley. Journal of Field Archaeology, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malpass, M. (editor) 1993 Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Mann, M. 1986 The Sources of Social Power. Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Manzanilla, L. 1992 Akapana: una pirámide en el centro de mundo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Manzanilla, L., and Woodard, E. 1990 Restos humanos asociados a la pirámide de Akapana (Tiwanaku, Bolivia). Latin American Antiquity 1:133–149.Google Scholar
Mathews, J. 1992 Prehispanic Settlement and Agriculture in the Middle Tiwanaku Valley, Bolivia. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Morris, C. 1987 Progress and Prospect in the Archaeology of the Inca. In Peruvian Prehistory, edited by R. Keatinge, pp. 233–256. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Murra, J. 1962 Cloth and Its Functions in the Inca State. American Anthropologist 64:710–728.Google Scholar
Murra, J. 1975 Formaciones económicas y politicas del mundo andino. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Murra, J. 1980 The Economic Organization of the Inca State. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement No. 1. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Murra, J. 1982 The Mit’a Obligations of Ethnic Groups in the Inca State. In The Inca and Aztec States: 1400–1800, edited by G. Collier, R. Rosaldo, and J. Wirth, pp. 237–262. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Murra, J. 1984 Andean Societies before 1532. In The Cambridge History of Latin America 1, edited by L. Bethell, pp. 59–90. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Netherly, P. 1984 The Management of Late Andean Irrigation Systems on the North Coast of Peru. American Antiquity 49:227–254.Google Scholar
Netherly, P. 1990 Out of Many, One: The Organization of Rule in the North Coast Polities. In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by M. Moseley and A. Cordy-Collins, pp. 461–487. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Netherly, P. 1993 The Nature of the Andean State. In Configurations of Power: Holistic Anthropology in Theory and Practice, edited by J. Henderson and P. Netherly, pp. 11–35. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Netting, R. McC. 1993 Smallholders, Householders. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.Google Scholar
Pärssinen, M. 1992 Tawantinsuyu: The Inca State and Its Political Organization. Suomen Historiallinen Seura (SHS), Helinski.Google Scholar
Pease, F. 1982 The Formation of Tawantinsuyu: Mechanisms of Colonization and Relationship with Ethnic Groups. In The Inca and Aztec States, 1400–1800, edited by G. Collier, R. Rosaldo, and J. Wirth, pp. 173–198. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Piatt, T. 1987 Entre ch’axawa y muxsa. Para una historia del pensamiento político Aymara. In Tres reflexiones sobre el pensamiento andino, pp. 61–132. HISBOL, La Paz.Google Scholar
Ponce Sanginés, C. 1980 Panorama de la arqueología boliviano. Juventud, La Paz.Google Scholar
Ponce Sanginés, C. 1981 Tiwanaku: espacio, tiempo y cultura. Los Amigos del Libro, La Paz.Google Scholar
Ponce Sanginés, C. 1995 Arqueología política y el estado precolombino de Tiwanaku. Pumapunku 8:15–87.Google Scholar
Postgate, N. 1991 The Land of Assur and the Yoke of Assur. World Archaeology 23:247–263.Google Scholar
Redfield, R. 1941 The Folk Culture of Yucatan. University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Rivera Sundt, O. 1989 Resultados de la excavación en el centra ceremonial de Lukurmata. In Arqueología de Lukurmata, vol. 2, edited by A. Kolata, pp. 59–89. Instituto Nacional de Arqueología, La Paz.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. 1982 Inca Policies and Institutions Relating to the Cultural Unification of the Empire. In The Inca and Aztec States, 1400–1800, edited by G. Collier, R. Rosaldo, and J. Wirth, pp. 93–118. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Rydén, S. 1947 Archaeological Researches in the Highlands of Bolivia. Göteburg, Sweden. Privately published by the author.Google Scholar
Rydén, S. 1959 Andean Excavations II. Statens Etnografiska Museums. Monograph Series No. 6. Etnografiska Museum, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Santley, R. 1993 Late Formative Period Society at Loma Torremote: A Consideration of the Redistribution vs the Great Provider Models as a Basis for the Emergence of Complexity in the Basin of Mexico. In Prehispanic Domestic Units in Western Mesoamerica, edited by R. Santley and K. Hirth, pp. 67–86. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar
Santoro, C. 1995 Late Prehistoric Regional Interaction and Social Change in a Coastal Valley of Northern Chile. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Schaedel, R. 1988 Andean World View: Hierarchy or Reciprocity, Regulation or Control? Current Anthropology 29:768–775.Google Scholar
Schreiber, K. 1992 Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Anthropological Paper No. 87. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreiber, K. 1993 The Inca Occupation of the Province of Andamarca Lucanas, Peru. In Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State, edited by M. Malpass, pp. 77–116. University of Iowa, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Seddon, M. 1994 Excavations in the Raised Fields of the Rio Catari Sub-Basin, Bolivia. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Shils, E. 1982 The Constitution of Society. University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Silverman, H. 1993 Cahuachi in the Ancient Nasca World. University of Iowa, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Smith, M. 1987 Household Possessions and Wealth in Agrarian States: Implications for Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:297–335.Google Scholar
Smith, M. 1994 Social Complexity in the Aztec Countryside. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside, edited by G. Schwartz and S. Falconer, pp. 143–159. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Stanish, C. 1985 Post-Tiwanaku Regional Economies in the Otora Valley, Southern Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Stanish, C. 1989 Household Archaeology: Testing Models of Complementarity in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 91:9–24.Google Scholar
Stanish, C. 1992 Ancient Andean Political Economy. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Stanish, C. 1994 The Hydraulic Hypothesis Revisited: Lake Titicaca Basin Raised Fields in Theoretical Perspective. Latin American Antiquity 5:312–332.Google Scholar
Stanish, C., and Steadman, L. 1994 Archaeological Research at Tumatumani, Juli, Peru. Fieldiana: Anthropology Vol. 23. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.Google Scholar
Tschopik, H. 1946 Some Notes on the Archaeology of the Department of Puno, Peru. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 27, No. 3. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Tschopik, H. 1947 The Aymara. In Handbook of South American Indians, edited by J. H. Steward, pp. 501–573. Bulletin 143, Vol. 2. Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Venero, G. 1987 La fauna y el hombre andino. Proyecto FAO Documento de Trabajo 8. Cuzco, Peru.Google Scholar
Wallace, D. 1980 Tiwanaku as Symbolic Empire. Estudios Arqueológicos 5:133–144.Google Scholar
Wassén, S. 1972 A Medicine-Man’s Implements and Plants in a Tiahuanacoid Tomb in Highland Bolivia. Etnologiska Studier 32:8–114.Google Scholar
Webster, A. 1993 The Role of the Camelid in the Development of the Tiwanaku State. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wilk, R., and Netting, R. 1984 Households: Changing Forms and Functions. In Households. Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group, edited by R. Netting, R. Wilk, and E. Arnould, pp. 1–28. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Wilk, R., and Rathje, W. 1982 Household Archaeology. American Behavioral Scientist 25(6):617–640.Google Scholar