Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T18:01:39.810Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Aztec Teotihuacan: Political Processes at a Postclassic and Early Colonial City-State in the Basin of Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Christopher P. Garraty
Christopher P. Garraty*
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Teotihuacan, located in the northeastern Basin of Mexico, is best known for its Preclassic and Classic period occupations (ca. 150 B.C.–A.D. 700) but was also an important city-state during the Aztec and Early Colonial periods, circa A.D. 1200–1650. Much has been written about political relations among Aztec city-states in the basin. However, the internal political structures of most city-states remain largely unknown because colonial chroniclers focused mostly on Tenochtitlan-Mexico City and collected little information on the 40 to 50 smaller city-states in the basin. This article addresses the internal political organization of Aztec Teotihuacan and how it changed over time based on analyses of pottery data from the surface collections of the Teotihuacan Mapping Project. A seriation of sherd assemblages using correspondence analysis provides a chronological framework for diachronic analyses. Changes through time pertaining to interresidential status differences and the spatial distributions of elite residences suggest a gradual process of political decentralization. Additionally, pottery and obsidian data, in conjunction with settlement pattern changes, reveal a relocation of the city-state center in the late 1300s or early 1400s, possibly indicating an episode of political upheaval or reorganization.

Teotihuacan, en el noroeste de la cuenca de México, es bien conocida para los períodos preclásico y clásico (ca. 150 a.C.–700 d.C.), pero también fue una importante ciudad-estado durante el período Azteca y hasta principios del colonial (ca. 1200–1650 d.C.). Mucho se ha escrito sobre las relaciones entre las ciudades-estados aztecas; sin embargo, la estructura política interna de Teotihuacan es mayormente desconocida porque los cronistas coloniales se focalizaron en Tenochtitlan, y recopilaron poca información de las 40 a 50 más pequeñas ciudades-estados de la cuenca. Aquí se examina la estructura política interna de la Teotihuacan azteca y sus cambios en el tiempo, sobre la base de los análisis de cerámicas de las colecciones de superficie del Teotihuacan Mapping Project. Una seriación de los conjuntos cerámicos empleando análisis de correspondencia brinda un marco cronológico para su análisis diacrónico. Los cambios a través del tiempo en relación con las diferencias de status interresidenciales y la distribución espacial de las residencias de la elite sugieren un proceso gradual de descentralización política. Además, los datos de cerámica y obsidiana, conjuntamente con los cambios en los patrones de asentamiento, revelan una reubicación del centro de la ciudad-estado hacia fines del 1300 o comienzos del 1400 d.C., indicando un posible episodio de agitación o reorganización política.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , December 2006 , pp. 363 - 387
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de 1975–1977 [1600–1640] Obras Historicas. 2 vols. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Baxter, Michael J. 1994 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F. 1982 The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1976 The Role of Symbiosis and Adaptation and Sociocultural Change in the Valley of Mexico. In The Valley of Mexico, edited by Eric R. Wolf, pp. 181–202. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1996 The Basin of Mexico Market System and the Growth of Empire. In Aztec Imperial Strategies, by Frances F. Berdan, Richard E. Blanton, Elizabeth Hill Boone, Mary G. Hodge, Michael E. Smith, and Emily Umberger, pp. 47–84. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1998 Beyond Centralization: Steps toward a Theory of Egalitarian Behavior in Archaic States. In Archaic States, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, pp. 135–172. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Bray, Warwick 1972 The City-State in Central Mexico at the Time of the Spanish Conquest. Journal of Latin American Studies 4:161–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1983 Aztec State Making: Ecology, Structure, and the Origin of the State. American Anthropologist 85:261–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1986 The Division of Labor at Xico: The Chipped Stone Industry. In Economic Aspects of Prehispanic Highland Mexico, edited by Barry Isaac, pp. 245–279. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement No. 2. IAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1987 Consumption and Politics at Aztec Huexotla. American Anthropologist 89:676–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1991 Tribute and Commerce in Imperial Cities: The Case of Xaltocan, Mexico. In Early State Dynamics, edited by Peter van de Velde, pp. 177–198. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, N.J.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 2004 Meaning by Design: Ceramics, Feasting, and Figured Worlds in Postclassic Mexico. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: Theory and Practice, edited by Julia A. Hendon and Rosemary A. Joyce, pp. 239–264. Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology No. 1. Blackwell, Maiden, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 2005 Ceramic Chronology at Xaltocan. In Production and Power at Postclassic Xaltocan, edited by Elizabeth M. Brumfiel. University of Pittsburgh Department of Anthropology, Pittsburgh; and Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City D.F.Google Scholar
Calnek, Edward E. 1976 The Internal Structure of Tenochtitlan. In The Valley of Mexico: Studies in Pre-Hispanic Ecology and Society, edited by Eric R. Wolf, pp. 287–302. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Carrasco, Pedro 1966 Documentos sobre el rango de tecuhtli en los Nahuas tramontanos. Tlalocan 5:133–160.Google Scholar
Carrasco, Pedro 1971 Social Organization of Ancient Mexico. In Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, pt. 1, edited by Gordon Ekholm and Ignacio Bernal, pp. 349–375. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10, Robert Wauchope, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Carrasco, Pedro 1982 The Political Economy of the Aztec and Inca States. In The Inca and Aztec States: 1400–1800, edited by George Collier, Renato Rosaldo, and John Wirth, pp. 23–42. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Carrasco, Pedro 1999 The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Casteñada, Francisco de 1926 [1580] Official Reports on the Towns of Tequizistlan, Tepechpan, Acolman, and San Juan Teotihuacan Sent by Francisco de Casteñada to His Majesty, Philip II, and the Council of the Indies, in 1580. Translated by Zelia D. Nuttall. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 11, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H. 1968 Post-Conquest Aztec Ceramics: Implications for Archaeological Interpretation. Florida Anthropologist 21:96–101.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H. 1972a Population Trends in the Teotihuacan Valley, A.D. 1400–1969. World Archaeology 4:106–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H. 1972b Post-Conquest Developments in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. Report No. 5. Office of the State Archaeologist, Des Moines.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H. 1996 Early Colonial Period Ceramics: Decorated Red Ware and Orange Ware Types of the Rural Otumba Aztec Ceramic Complex . In Arqueología Mesoamericana: Homenaje a William T. Sanders, edited by Alba Guadalupe Mastache, Jeffrey R. Parsons, Robert M. Santley, and Mari Carmen Serra Puche, pp. 461–479. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H. 2000 The Aztecs and Their Contemporaries: The Central and Eastern Mexican Highlands. In Cambridge History of New World Peoples, vol. 2: Mesoamerica, pt. 1, edited by Richard E. W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod, pp. 500–557. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H., Charlton, Cynthia Otis, and García, Patricia Fournier 2005 The Basin of Mexico A.D. 1450–1620: Archaeological Dimensions. In The Postclassic to Spanish-Era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological Perspectives, edited by Susan Kepecs and Rani T. Alexander, pp. 49–63. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H., and Nichols, Deborah L. 1997 The City-State Concept: Development and Applications. In The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches, edited by Deborah L. Nichols and Thomas H. Charlton, pp. 1–14. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H., Nichols, Deborah L., and Charlton, Cynthia Otis 2000 Otumba and Its Neighbors: Ex oriente lux. Ancient Mesoamerica 11:247–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1992 Social Differentiation at Teotihuacan. In Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Perspective, edited by Diane Z. Chase and Arlen F. Chase, pp. 206–220. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1996 A Reconsideration of the Post-Classic Chronology of Central Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:325–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2000 Intentionality and Meaning in the Layout of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Cambridge Journal of Archaeology 10:358–365.Google Scholar
Davis, John C. 1986 Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Duff, Andrew I. 1996 Microseriation: Types or Attributes? American Antiquity 61:89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. 1963 The Political Systems of Empires: The Rise and Fall of the Historical Bureaucratic Societies. Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Elson, Christina M., and Mowbray, Kenneth 2005 Burial Practices at Teotihuacan in the Early Postclassic Period: The Vaillant and Linné Excavations (1931–1932). Ancient Mesoamerica 16:195–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Susan T. 1991 Architecture and Authority in an Aztec Village: Form and Function of the Tecpan. In Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico: A Two Thousand Year Perspective, edited by H. R. Harvey, pp. 63–92. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Evans, Susan T. 2001 Aztec-Period Political Organization in the Teotihuacan Valley: Otumba as a City-State. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Susan T., and Freter, Anne-Corinne 1996 Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico, Postclassic Chronology: Hydration Analysis of Obsidian from Cihuatecpan, an Aztec-Period Village. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:267–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Susan T., Sanders, William T., and Parsons, Jeffrey R. 2000 The Teotihuacan Valley Project: Aztec Period Site Descriptions. In The Teotihuacan Valley Project Final Report, Vol. 5: The Aztec Occupation of the Valley, Pt. 1: Natural Environment, 20th Century Occupation, Survey Methodology, and Site Descriptions, edited by Susan T. Evans and William T. Sanders, pp. 85–499. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 25. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Falconer, Steven E., and Savage, Stephen H. 1995 Heartlands and Hinterlands: Alternative Trajectories of Early Urbanization in Mesopotamia and the Southern Levant. American Antiquity 60:37–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Franco C., Luis, José, and Frederick, A. 1957 Motivos Decorativos en la Ceramica Azteca. Serie Científica No. 5. Museo Nacional de Antropológia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Gamio, Manuel 1922 La Población del Valle de Teotihuacan. 5 vols. Secretaría de Agricultura y Fomento con Dirección de Antropología, Talleres Gráficos, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Gamio, Manuel, and Boas, Franz 1921 Albúm de colecciones arqueológicos: Publicaciones. Escuela Internacional de Arqueología y Ethnología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
García Chávez, Raúl 2004 De Tula a Azcatpotzalco: Caracterización arqueológica de los Altepetl de la Cuenca de México, a través del estudio cerámico regional. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Antropología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P. 2000 Ceramic Indices of Aztec Eliteness. Ancient Mesoamerica 11(1):323–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P., and Ohnersorgen, Michael A. 2007 Negotiating the Imperial Landscape: The Geopolitics of Aztec Control in the Outer Provinces of the Empire. In The Archaeology of Meaningful Places, edited by Brenda J. Bowser and M. Nieves Zedeño. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, in press.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P., and Stark, Barbara L. 2002 Imperial and Social Relations in Postclassic South-Central Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 13:3–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, Charles 1964 The Aztecs under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810. Stanford University Press, Stanford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, James B., and Espejo, Antonieta 1947 La alfarería correspondiente al último período de ocupación Nahua del Valle de México: I. Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos 9:10–26.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B., and Espejo, Antonieta 1950 La alfarería correspondiente al último período de ocupación Nahua del Valle de México: II. Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos 11:15–66.Google Scholar
Guzmán, Eulalia 1938 Un manuscrito de la Colección Boturini que trata de los antigüos Señores de Teotihuacan. Ethnos 3:89–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, Timothy S., and Smith, Michael E. 1996 A New Postclassic Chronology for Yautepec, Morelos. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:281–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassig, Ross 1985 Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Hassig, Ross 1988 Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian, and Cannon, Aubrey 1984 The Structure of Material Systems: Ethnoarchaeology in the Maya Highlands. Papers No. 3. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Hicks, Frederic 1986 Prehispanic Background of Colonial Political and Economic Organization in Central Mexico. In Ethnohistory, edited by Ronald Spores, pp. 35–54. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 4. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Hicks, Frederic 1987 First Steps toward a Market-Integrated Economy in Aztec Mexico. In Early State Dynamics, edited by Henri Claessen and Peter van de Velde, pp. 91–107. Brill, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, Frederic 1992 Subject States and Tribute Provinces: The Aztec Empire in the Northern Valley of Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, Frederic 1999 The Middle Class in Ancient Central Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Research 55:409–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. 1993 Identifying Rank and Socioeconomic Status in Domestic Contexts: An Example from Central Mexico. In Prehispanic Domestic Units in Western Mesoamerica: Studies of the Household, Compound, and Residence, edited by Robert M. Santley and Kenneth G. Hirth, pp. 121–146. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Hodge, Mary G. 1984 Aztec City-States. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology No. 18. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, Mary G. 1991 Land and Lordship in the Valley of Mexico: The Politics of Aztec Provincial Administration. In Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico: A Two Thousand Year Perspective, edited by H. R. Harvey, pp. 113–139. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hodge, Mary G. 1994 Polities Composing the Aztec Empire’s Core. In Economies and Polities in the Aztec Realm, edited by Mary G. Hodge and Michael E. Smith, pp. 43–71. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Hodge, Mary G. 1996 Political Organization of the Central Provinces. In Aztec Imperial Strategies, by Frances F. Berdan, Richard E. Blanton, Elizabeth Hill Boone, Mary G. Hodge, Michael E. Smith, and Emily Umberger, pp. 47–84. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Hodge, Mary G. 1997 When Is a City-State? Archaeological Measures of Aztec City-States and Aztec City-State Systems. In The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches, edited by Deborah L. Nichols and Thomas H. Charlton, pp. 209–228. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Hodge, Mary G. 1998 Archaeological Views of Aztec Culture. Journal of Archaeological Research 6:197–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, Mary G., and Mine, Leah D. 1991 Aztec-Period Ceramic Distribution and Exchange Systems. Final report submitted for Grant BSM-8704177 to the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Johnson, Gregory W 1977 Aspects of Regional Analysis in Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 6:479–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Friedrich 1966 Situación Social y Económica de los Aztecas durante los Siglos XV y XVI. Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A., and Blinman, Eric 1987 Solving Mixture Problems in Archaeology: Analysis of Ceramic Materials for Dating. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Leslie 1976 In Mexico City’s Shadow: Some Aspects of Economic Activity and Social Processes in Texcoco, 1570–1620. In Provinces of Early Mexico, edited by Ida Altman and James Lockhart, pp. 125–136. Latin American Center Publications, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Licate, Jack A. 1980 The Forms of Aztec Territorial Organization. In Historical Geography of Latin American: Papers in Honor of Robert C. West, edited by James J. Parsons, pp. 27–45. Geoscience and Man, Vol. 21. School of Geoscience, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.Google Scholar
Lockhart, James 1992 The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford University Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1993 Ancient Maya Political Organization. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D., edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and John Henderson, pp. 111–183. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1998 The Peaks and Valleys of Ancient States: An Extension of the Dynamic Model. In Archaic States, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, pp. 59–94. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce, and Feinman, Gary M. 1998 Introduction. In Archaic States, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, pp. 76–122. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
McCaa, Robert 1995 Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in Mexico. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25:397–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millon, René 1973 Urbanization at Teotihuacan, Mexico, vol. 1: The Teotihuacan Map, pt. 1: Text. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1981 Teotihuacan: City, State, and Civilization. In Archaeology, edited by Jeremy Sabloff, pp. 198–243. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1, Victoria Bricker, general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Millon, René, Bruce Drewitt, R., and Cowgill, George L. 1973 Urbanization at Teotihuacan, Mexico, vol. 1: The Teotihuacan Map, pt. 2: Maps. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Mine, Leah D. 1994 Political Economy and Market Economy under Aztec Rule: A Regional Perspective Based on Decorated Ceramic Production and Distribution Systems in the Valley of Mexico. 2 vols. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Guido, Munch G. 1976 El Cacicazgo de San Juan Teotihuacan durante La Colonía (1521–1821). Colección Científica 32. Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Netting, Robert McC. 1982 Some Home Truths about Household Size and Wealth. American Behavioral Scientist 25:641–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, Deborah L. 2004 The Rural and Urban Landscapes of the Aztec State. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: Theory and Practice, edited by Julia A. Hendon and Rosemary A. Joyce, pp. 265–295. Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology No. 1. Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Nichols, Deborah L., and Charlton, Thomas H. 1996 The Postclassic Occupation of Otumba: A Chronological Assessment. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:231–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offner, Jerome A. 1983 Law and Politics in Aztec Texcoco. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Parsons, Jeffrey R. 1966 The Aztec Ceramic Sequence in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. 2 vols. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Parsons, Jeffrey R., Brumfiel, Elizabeth M., and Hodge, Mary G. 1996 Developmental Implications of Earlier Dates for Early Aztec in the Basin of Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:217–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paynter, Robert 1989 The Archaeology of Equality and Inequality. Annual Review of Anthropology 18:369–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rounds, J. 1979 Lineage, Class, and Power in the Aztec State. American Ethnologist 6:73–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1965 The Cultural Ecology of the Teotihuacan Valley. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1970 The Population of the Teotihuacan Valley, the Basin of Mexico and the Central Mexican Symbiotic Region in the Sixteenth Century. In The Teotihuacan Valley Project: Final Report, edited by William T. Sanders, Anton Kovar, Thomas H. Charlton, and Richard A. Diehl, pp. 385–454. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 3. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 2000 Methodology: The Surface Survey. In The Teotihuacan Valley Project Final Report, vol. 5: The Aztec Occupation of the Valley, pt. 1: Natural Environment, 20th Century Occupation, Survey Methodology, and Site Descriptions, edited by William T. Sanders, pp. 59–83. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 25. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Evans, Susan T. 2001 The Teotihuacan Valley and the Temascalapa Region during the Aztec Period. In The Teotihuacan Valley Project Final Report, vol. 5: The Aztec Occupation of the Valley, pt. 3: Syntheses and General Bibliography, edited by Susan T. Evans, pp. 931–1078. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 27. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., Evans, Susan T., and Charlton, Thomas H. 2001 The Colonial Period Cultural Geography of the Teotihuacan Valley and Temascalapa Region. In The Teotihuacan Valley Project Final Report, vol. 5: The Aztec Occupation of the Valley, pt.3: Syntheses and General Bibliography, edited by William T. Sanders and Susan T. Evans, pp. 889–929. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 27. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., Parsons, Jeffrey R., and Santley, Robert S. 1979 The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Price, Barbara J. 2003 The Native Aristocracy and the Evolution of the Latifundio in the Teotihuacan Valley, 1521–1917. Ethnohistory 50:69–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, Susan 1991a Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, Susan 1991b Indigenous Sociopolitical Organization in Chimalpahin. In Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico: A Two Thousand Year Perspective, edited by H. R. Harvey, pp. 141–162. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1984 The Aztlan Migrations of the Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History? Ethnohistory 31:153–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1987 Household Possessions and Wealth in Agrarian States: Implications for Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:297–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1992 Archaeological Research in Aztec-Period Rural Sites in Morelos, Mexico, vol. 1: Excavations and Architecture. Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology No. 4. Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2000 Aztec City-States. In A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures, edited by Mogens Herman Hansen, pp. 581–595. Royal Danish Society of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2003a Aztec City-States in the Basin of Mexico and Morelos. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Michael E. Smith and Frances F. Berdan, pp. 58–60. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2003b Key Commodities. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Michael E. Smith and Frances F. Berdan, pp. 117–125. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Doershuk, John F. 1991 Late Postclassic Chronology in Western Morelos, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 2:291–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Hodge, Mary G. 1994 An Introduction to Late Postclassic Economies and Polities. In Economies and Polities in the Aztec Realm, edited by Mary G. Hodge and Michael E. Smith, pp. 1–42. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1985 Specialized Production in Rural Aztec Society. In Contributions to the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Greater Mesoamerica, edited by William Folan, pp. 77–125. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Umberger, Emily 1987 Antiques, Revivals, and References to the Past in Aztec Art. Res 13:62–105.Google Scholar
Whitmore, Thomas 1992 Disease and Death in Early Colonial Mexico: Simulating Early Amerindian Depopulation. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Zorita, Alonso de 1994 [1566–1570] Life and Labor in Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain. Translated by Benjamin Keen. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar