Both dynamic and equilibrium z pinches are mostly described, whether in theory or in simulation, by conventional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid equations. However there are several key phases in z-pinch behavior when kinetic effects are important. Runaway electrons can occur close to the axis especially in an m = 0 neck or during the subsequent disruption. Large ion-Larmor orbits can, if sufficiently collisionless, lead to stabilizing effects. During a disruption, ion beams can be produced. For deuterium discharges, the interaction of an ion beam with the ambient plasma can lead to a significant neutron yield. If the drift velocity of the current-carrying electrons exceeds a threshold for generating microinstabilities (lower-hybrid or ion-acoustic instabilities), this leads to anomalous resistivity. This can occur not only during a disruption, but also in the low-density (usually outer) plasma boundary of an equilibrium or dynamic pinch. Related to this is the open question of whether current reconnection can occur in fully developed magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in the low-density coronal plasma. Two other kinetic effects are new to z pinches. First, there are the collisions of low-density energetic ions from a wire array as they pass close to the axis to form a precursor plasma. Second, there is the possible erosion and ablation of wire cores in the necks of m = 0 coronal current-carrying plasma by flux-limited heat flow with its attendant deviation from a Maxwellian of the isotropic part of the distribution function.