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Formation of H3O+ in the Ionization and Fragmentation of Ethanol Induced by Electron Beam Irradiation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Chao Ma Open the ORCID record for Chao Ma [Opens in a new window] ,
Jiaqi Zhou Open the ORCID record for Jiaqi Zhou [Opens in a new window] ,
Enliang Wang Open the ORCID record for Enliang Wang [Opens in a new window] ,
Tao Yang Open the ORCID record for Tao Yang [Opens in a new window] ,
Zhongfeng Xu Open the ORCID record for Zhongfeng Xu [Opens in a new window] ,
Shaokui Jia Open the ORCID record for Shaokui Jia [Opens in a new window] ,
Alexander Dorn Open the ORCID record for Alexander Dorn [Opens in a new window]  and
Xueguang Ren Open the ORCID record for Xueguang Ren [Opens in a new window]
Chao Ma
Affiliation:
MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Jiaqi Zhou
Affiliation:
MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
Enliang Wang
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
Tao Yang
Affiliation:
MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Zhongfeng Xu*
Affiliation:
MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Shaokui Jia
Affiliation:
MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Alexander Dorn
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
Xueguang Ren*
Affiliation:
MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
*
Correspondence should be addressed to Zhongfeng Xu; [email protected]
Xueguang Ren; [email protected]
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Abstract

The single ionization and dissociation of ethanol molecules induced by low-energy electrons (E0 = 90 eV) are investigated using multiparticle coincident momentum spectroscopy. By detecting two outgoing electrons (e1 and e2) and one fragment ion in coincidence, we obtain the energy deposition (E0 − E1 − E2) during electron ionization of the molecule, i.e., the binding energy spectra, for production of the different ionic fragments C2H5OH+, C2H4OH+, COH+, and H3O+. These data allow us to study the ionization channels for different ionic products. In particular, we focus on H3O+ as a product of double hydrogen migration. It is found that this channel mainly originates from the ionization of outer-valance orbitals (3a″,10a′, 2a″, 9a′, 8a′, 1a″, and 7a′). Additionally, there are minor contributions from the inner-valence orbitals such as 6a′, 5a′, and 4a′. Quantum chemistry calculations show two fragmentation pathways: concerted and sequential processes for formation of H3O+.

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Research Article
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Laser and Particle Beams , Volume 2021 , 2021 , e23
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by Max Planck.
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Copyright © 2021 Chao Ma et al.

1. Introduction

Particle beam and laser-induced ionization and fragmentation of molecules have attracted considerable interest for several decades [Reference Wasowicz and Pranszke1–Reference Navid, Irani and Sadighi-Bonabi22]. Hydrogen or proton migration is a widely existing phenomenon during these processes, and it plays a vital role in various fields of physics, chemistry, and biology [Reference Wasowicz and Pranszke1, Reference Ren, Wang, Skitnevskaya, Trofimov, Gokhberg and Dorn2, Reference Thrmer, Onk and Ottosson7, Reference Wang, Ren, Baek, Rabus, Pfeifer and Dorn19, Reference Alizadeh, Orlando and Sanche20]. In particular, for small organic molecules [Reference Hishikawa, Matsuda, Fushitani and Takahashi3–Reference Xu, Okino and Yamanouchi5] or molecular complexes [Reference Ono and Ng6–Reference Oostenrijk, Walsh and Laksman8], the isomerization process induced by intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer has been extensively studied due to its high relevance, e.g., in biological processes such as in DNA mutations [Reference Kwon and Zewail9, Reference Zhang, de La Harpe, Beckstead, Improta and Kohler10]. The ultrafast hydrogen migration can unlock new dissociation channels, such as hydrogen exchange [Reference Okino, Watanabe, Xu and Yamanouchi11], scrambling [Reference Kanya, Kudou and Schirmel12], and roaming [Reference Bowman and Houston13, Reference Ekanayake, Severt and Nairat14]. Recent studies showed that it can also stabilize the repulsive potential energy surface of dications before the direct Coulomb explosion occurs [Reference Wang, Shan and Chen15].

The ethanol molecule (C2H5OH) contains both hydroxyl and methyl groups and is widely applied in the chemical industry as an important solvent. C2H5OH has attracted significant interest for studying hydrogen migration due to the relatively large number of hydrogen atoms bound to the various sites in the C-C-O skeleton. Here, of particular interest is the double hydrogen migration [Reference Raalte and Harrison23–Reference Hudson and McAdoo26], forming a H3O+ hydronium ion, which is central in acid-catalyzed reactions as the active protonating agent. Nevertheless, the understanding of the double H migration is incomplete since it is a rather complex process involving more than one C-H bond cleavage and at least two O-H bond formations.

H3O+ formation has been studied by Raalte and Harrison in an electron impact ionization experiment with deuterated ethanol. Two reaction pathways were proposed, i.e., a concerted path and a sequential fragmentation path. For the concerted path, the two hydrogen migration directly follows single ionization of ethanol, while the sequential path proceeds via the intermediate C2H4OH+ cation where initially hydrogen is abstracted and hydrogen migration occurs subsequently [Reference Raalte and Harrison23]. Later on, Niwa et al. performed an experiment on ethanol using the photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) technique. By analyzing the breakdown diagrams and appearance energies (AE) for the different fragment ions, they concluded that H3O+ was mainly formed by the sequential fragmentation [Reference Niwa, Nishimura and Tsuchiya24]. Further studies using the time of flight (TOF) spectra and the quantum chemical calculations confirmed that the sequential process is the dominant pathway for the formation of H3O+ in ethanol [Reference Shirota, Mano, Tsuge and Hoshina25, Reference Hudson and McAdoo26].

In this work, we study the ionization and dissociation of ethanol irradiated by low-energy electrons using an (e, 2e + ion) method [Reference Ren, Pflger and Weyland27–Reference Xu, Ma, Ren and Senftleben30] in which all three final-state particles are detected in coincidence. We use the projectile energy of 90 eV, which is close to the mean energy of secondary electrons produced by high-energy primary radiation, such as X-rays, α-rays, 𝛾-rays, fast electron, and ion beams [Reference Pimblott and LaVerne31]. Here, the momentum vectors and, consequently, kinetic energies of the outgoing electrons (scattered and ejected electrons) and fragment ions are determined. The contributions of different ionized orbitals for formations of C2H5OH+, C2H4OH+, COH+, and H3O+ cations are obtained by measuring the energy deposition in the ionization process, i.e., the binding energy (BE) spectra. The BE is defined as the energy difference between the initial projectile electron energy E 0 and the energy sum of the scattered (E 1) and ejected (E 2) electrons: BE = E 0 − (E 1 + E 2). The BE resolution of ∆E BE = 3.7 eV, full width of half maximum (FWHM), has been achieved with a measurement on the ionization of helium. For ethanol, there are two conformers assigned as the trans and the gauche structures where the main difference is the dihedral angle between the hydroxyl and the carbon skeleton. Here, we consider the trans conformer with Cs symmetry as the geometric structure of ethanol [Reference Ning, Luo and Huang32]. The ground-state electronic structure of the valence shell can be expressed as (4a′)2 (5a′)2 (6a′)2 (7a′)2 (1a″)2 (8a′)2 (9a′)2 (2a″)2 (10a′)2 (3a″)2.

2. Experiment

The experiment was performed using the multiparticle coincident momentum spectrometer (reaction microscope) combined with a pulsed electron beam [Reference Ullrich, Moshammer, Dorn, Dörner, Schmidt and Schmidt-Böcking33]. The details of the experimental setup can be found in the earlier work [Reference Ren, Pflger and Weyland27, Reference Ren, Jabbour Al, Maalouf and Denifl34]; thus, only a brief introduction is given here. A well-focused (about 1 mm in diameter) electron beam with an energy of 90 eV is crossed with an ethanol gas jet. The projectile electron beam is emitted from an electron gun in which a tantalum photocathode is irradiated by a pulsed ultraviolet laser beam. The wavelength, repetition rate, and pulse width of the laser beam are 266 nm, 40 kHz, and 0.5 ns, respectively. The energy per pulse of the laser is about 1~2 nJ, and the flux of the projectile electron is about 5 nA/cm2. The data accumulation time is about 100 hours for the present work. The gas jet is generated by the supersonic gas expansion of He (1 bar) with seeded ethanol vapor through a nozzle with a diameter of 30 μm and a two-stage differential pumping system. The ethanol gas was produced through the reservoir including the liquid ethanol at room temperature. The supersonic beam was collimated by two sequential skimmers (250 μm and 400 𝜇m diameter, respectively) and transmitted into the reaction area of the main chamber. After traversing the jet, the nonscattered electron beam is guided into the central hole of the electron detector as a beam dump. The charged particles in the final state (two electrons and one ion) are extracted and guided by homogeneous electric and magnetic fields towards two-dimensional position- and time-sensitive microchannel plate detectors. Three-dimensional momentum vectors of the detected particles are determined from the time-of-flight and positions of the particles hitting the detectors. The ionization process can be expressed as follows:

(1) e ‐ + C H 3 CH 2 OH → CH 3 CH 2 OH + + 2 e ‐

3. Quantum Chemistry Calculations

The theoretical calculations are performed utilizing the Gaussian quantum chemistry package [Reference Frisch, Trucks and Schlegel35]. The ground-state equilibrium geometries of the singly charged ethanol molecule, the transition states (TSs), and intermediates (INTs) are optimized by the M06-2X method with the def2TZVP basis set. The zero-point energy (ZPE) correction is acquired by the M06-2X method with the def2TZVP basis set, and the electronic energy was calculated by employing the coupled-cluster single-double and perturbative triple (CCSD(T)) method with the aug-cc-pVQZ basis set. The validity of reaction pathways is confirmed by the NBO population and the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) analysis which is carried out at the M06-2X/def2TZVP level.

4. Results and Discussion

The BE spectra for the formation of the C2H5OH+ parent ion and C2H4OH+ with H-loss are presented in Figure 1. The experimental data for C2H5OH+ correspond to a single peak located at about 10.8 eV, which is consistent with the ionization energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of ethanol [Reference Ning, Luo and Huang32]. This result indicates that the C2H5OH+ parent ion is formed through the HOMO ionization, i.e., the 3a″ orbital of the trans conformer [Reference Ning, Luo and Huang32]. For the H-loss channel, i.e., the C2H4OH+ cation, the measured BE spectrum shows a single peak located at about 12.6 eV which can be attributed to the ionization of the of HOMO-1 (10a′) plus some amount of the internal energy (~0.5 eV), leading to the subsequent H-loss.

Figure 1: The binding energy spectra related to the C2H5OH+ and C2H4OH+ cations. The black solid circles and the black solid triangles with error bars represent the experimental data of C2H5OH+ and C2H4OH+, respectively. The data for both ions are normalized to unity at the maximum. The red and blue solid curves are Gaussian fits. At the top of the plot, red solid vertical lines indicate the ionization energies of valence orbitals [Reference Ning, Luo and Huang32].

Figure 2 presents the binding energy spectrum for the ionic fragment with a mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of 29 u. Due to the m/z degeneracy for COH+ and C2H5 +, we are unable to distinguish them in our experiment. Hudson and McAdoo obtained the appearance energies (AE) of about 14.2 eV for COH+ and 12.7 eV for C2H5 + [Reference Niwa, Nishimura and Tsuchiya24] by comparing the breakdown curves for C2H5OH+ and C2D5OD+. The present experimental data show a peak structure centered at about 15.3 eV and a shoulder structure at higher BE, and thus, we assigned the ionic product with 29 u to COH+ through the pathway of C-C bond breaking and two hydrogen loss from the C α site [Reference Niwa, Nishimura and Tsuchiya24]. The BE spectrum indicates that the ionization of several valence orbitals leads to the formation of COH+. The main peak located at 15.3 eV corresponds to ionization of 10a′, 2a″, 9a′, 8a′, 1a″, and 7a′ orbitals which cannot be resolved energetically. Additionally, ionization of inner-valence orbitals (6a′, 5a′, and 4a′) can also contribute to the formation of COH+. We determine the branching ratios of about 55% and 45% for outer-valance and inner-valence ionization, respectively. It is also to be noted that the measured peaks at higher BE, e.g., 35.8 eV, may result also from the ionization plus excitation or from multiple scattering within ethanol clusters [Reference Pflüger, Senftleben, Ren, Dorn and Ullrich36].

Figure 2: The binding energy spectrum for the formation of the COH+ cation. The dashed lines are Gaussian fits, while the red solid curve is the sum of the Gaussians.

Concerning the production pathway of COH+, Hudson and McAdoo theoretically demonstrated a sequential process involving the H migration. First, a neutral H is ejected, and in the second step, the hydrogen transfers from hydroxyl to the methyl group, and then, the C α -C𝛽 bond breaks with the ejection of neutral methane [Reference Hudson and McAdoo26]. The reaction process is expressed as follows:

(2) CH 3 CH 2 OH + → CH 3 CHOH + + H CH 3 CHOH + → CHO + + C H 4

It is considered that the CHO+ production with H migration and the COH+ formation without H migration are both involved in our experiment. The fragmentation channels induced by the ionization of inner-valence orbitals (6a′, 5a′, and 4a′) may be concerned with the CHO+ formation due to the higher deposited energy supporting for H migration. We notice that the formation of CHO+ through hydrogen transfer from oxygen to carbon is different from the widely studied H migration process in ethanol where the migrated H is originated from carbon and moves to the oxygen side [Reference Wang, Shan and Chen15, Reference Raalte and Harrison23–Reference Shirota, Mano, Tsuge and Hoshina25].

The measured BE spectrum for the formation of H3O+ is presented in Figure 3, which exhibits a single-peak structure centered at about 15.1 eV and a tail structure at higher BE. The peak at BE ~15.1 eV can be attributed to the ionization of 10a′, 2a″, 9a′, 8a′, and 1a″ orbitals, while the structures at higher BE are caused by the ionization of inner-valence orbitals (6a′, 5a′, and 4a′) and also the ionization plus excitation or multiple scattering processes in clusters [Reference Pflüger, Senftleben, Ren, Dorn and Ullrich36]. Previous studies by Niwa et al. [Reference Niwa, Nishimura and Tsuchiya24] and Shirota et al. indicate that the formation of H3O+ is dominated by the sequential process via the intermediate CH3CHOH+ cation. In the first step, one C α -H bond breaks and neutral hydrogen is ejected. After that, the fragmentation of CH3CHOH+ produces H3O+. The reaction process is expressed as follows:

(3) CH 3 CHOH + → H 3 O + + C 2 H 2

Figure 3: The same as Figure 2 but for H3O+.

A theoretical work [Reference Hudson and McAdoo26] demonstrated a reaction pathway where the two H which migrate to form H3O+ originate from the methyl site and sequentially transfer to the hydroxyl site. On the other hand, recent experiments on deuterated ethanol showed a complete scrambling of the four hydrogens at the C-C site before migration to the hydroxyl site [Reference Shirota, Mano, Tsuge and Hoshina25]. This is in agreement with an earlier study for deuterated CH3CD2OH which mainly shows yields of H3O+ and H2DO+ in accordance with that expected for a CH3CDOH+ intermediate [Reference Raalte and Harrison23]. In addition, a small yield of HD2O+ shows that also the direct concerted fragmentation pathway contributes where both H from the C α site migrate:

(4) CH 3 CH 2 OH + → C 2 H 3 + H 3 O +

To trace the complete reaction pathways of double H migration processes, we performed quantum chemical calculations for H3O+ formation in both concerted and sequential ways. The potential energy diagrams are shown in Figure 4 which exhibits the reaction pathways with transition states (TS1 and TS2) and intermediate states (INT1 and INT2). In Figure 4, the energy values are relative to the ionic ground state of CH3CH2OH+, which is marked by 0.0 eV in Figure 4(a). The single point energy is calculated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ level including the zero-point vibrational energy corrections. The reaction pathways are confirmed by the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculation following routes from transition state to related local minima in two directions. For the concerted pathway in Figure 4(a), the CH3CH2OH+ doublet state (0.31 eV) is formed through a vertical transition. After relaxing to the ionic ground state (0.00 eV), the first H transfers from C α to the hydroxyl, leading to the metastable intermediate CH3CHOH2 + (INT1). The second H migration from the C𝛽 migrates to the -H2O radical group via the transition state (TS2), and then, the system dissociates into the H3O+ cation and a neutral C2H3.

Figure 4: Calculated potential energy diagrams for the formation of H3O+ via concerted (a) and sequential (b) processes. The energy values in (a) and (b) are relative to the ionic ground state CH3CH2OH+ (0.00 eV) in (a). The single point energy is calculated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ level, and all the values include the zero-point vibrational energy corrections which are calculated with the M06-2X/def2TZVP level. The reaction pathway has been confirmed by the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculation. The black, blue, and red balls represent carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, respectively.

For the sequential pathway in Figure 4(b), the calculated potential energies are consistent with the previous studies [Reference Shirota, Mano, Tsuge and Hoshina25, Reference Hudson and McAdoo26]. The H-loss channel occurs with the C α -H bond cleavage in the first step that forms the CH3CHOH+ cation (0.4 eV). After that, the double H migration occurs subsequently from methyl to hydroxyl sites through the transition states of TS1 (3.28 eV) and TS2 (2.65 eV), and then, the system dissociates into a H3O+ cation and a C2H2 neutral fragment. Our calculation indicates that for the sequential process, higher internal energy is needed to overcome the potential barrier (TS1: 3.28 eV) in comparison with the concerted pathway (TS1: 1.05 eV). From this point of view, the concerted pathway is more accessible. However, fast H-loss channel is expected due to its lower energy barrier (0.40 eV). This can cause the observed dominance of the sequential process [Reference Raalte and Harrison23]. Nevertheless, future studies in both experiment and theory are required to unambiguously identify the concerted pathway.

5. Conclusions

We have presented results from the first (e, 2e + ion) study of the ionization-induced dissociation of ethanol induced by low-energy electron impact (90 eV). A multiparticle coincidence momentum spectrometer is used in which all three charged final-state particles, i.e., two outgoing electrons and one fragment ion, are detected in triple coincidence. The momenta and, consequently, the kinetic energies of all three final-state particles are obtained through the measurement of their TOFs and hit positions. We determine the binding energy (BE) spectra correlated with different ionic fragments, i.e., the parent ion C2H5OH+, the H-loss channel C2H4OH+, and the hydrogen migration channels of COH+ and H3O+ cations.

The present results confirm that the nondissociated C2H5OH+ ion product arises due to the HOMO (3a″) orbital ionization, which is consistent with the results of previous appearance energy studies. The BE spectrum for the H-loss channel reveals a single-peak (12.6 eV) structure which can be assigned to the HOMO-1 (10a′) orbital ionization. While for COH+ product, both the outer-valence (10a′, 2a″, 9a′, 8a′, 1a″, and 7a′) and inner-valence (6a′, 5a′, and 4a′) orbital ionizations are observed from the measured BE spectrum. The BE spectrum for H3O+ product shows the similar feature in which the outer-valence (3a″, 10a′, 2a″, 9a′, 8a′, 1a″, and 7a′) and inner-valence (6a′, 5a′, and 4a′) orbital ionizations are involved. For the formation of H3O+ through double H migration, two fragmentation pathways (concerted and sequential processes) are identified using quantum chemistry calculations. The higher BE peaks can also result from the ionization plus excitation or from multiple scattering of the projectile in ethanol clusters. The present study can have implications for a better understanding of the ionization-induced isomerization mechanisms of molecules.

Data Availability

The experimental data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

J.Z. is grateful for the support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC). E.W. acknowledges a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos. 11875219, 11974272, and 11774281.

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Figure 0

Figure 1: The binding energy spectra related to the C2H5OH+ and C2H4OH+ cations. The black solid circles and the black solid triangles with error bars represent the experimental data of C2H5OH+ and C2H4OH+, respectively. The data for both ions are normalized to unity at the maximum. The red and blue solid curves are Gaussian fits. At the top of the plot, red solid vertical lines indicate the ionization energies of valence orbitals [32].

Figure 1

Figure 2: The binding energy spectrum for the formation of the COH+ cation. The dashed lines are Gaussian fits, while the red solid curve is the sum of the Gaussians.

Figure 2

Figure 3: The same as Figure 2 but for H3O+.

Figure 3

Figure 4: Calculated potential energy diagrams for the formation of H3O+ via concerted (a) and sequential (b) processes. The energy values in (a) and (b) are relative to the ionic ground state CH3CH2OH+ (0.00 eV) in (a). The single point energy is calculated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ level, and all the values include the zero-point vibrational energy corrections which are calculated with the M06-2X/def2TZVP level. The reaction pathway has been confirmed by the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculation. The black, blue, and red balls represent carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, respectively.