Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T16:48:39.994Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Performing and evaluating (non)modernities of Portuguese migrant figures on YouTube: The case of Antonio de Carglouch

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2015

Michèle Koven  and
Isabelle Simões Marques
Michèle Koven
Affiliation:
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Communication 702 S. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, [email protected]
Isabelle Simões Marques
Affiliation:
CLUNL-FCSH-Universidade Nova de Lisboa / Universidade Aberta, Rua Braamcamp, n.° 90, piso 5, 1250-052 Lisboa, [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We analyze how France-based YouTube comedic performers Ro et Cut enact the stylized figure of a Portuguese migrant in France, Antonio, in their most popular video, Carglouch. We then examine how commenters respond to the enactment. Specifically, we apply Irvine and Gal's notion of semiotic differentiation to study how participants use language to construct and apply polycentric notions of modernity/nonmodernity. This allows us to analyze how YouTube performers and commenters produce their own and Antonio's relative (non)modernity, as they orient to different versions of a modern/nonmodern axis of differentiation, situated in multiple ‘centers’: France, Portugal, or Europe. That is, participants either interpret Antonio as a nonmodern immigrant in France, a nonmodern emigrant from Portugal, or an international representative of Portugal, spreading nonmodern images of Portugal abroad. We then consider how participants bring these differently centered images of the nonmodern Other into dialogue with each Other, with different outcomes for variously positioned participants. (Migration, heteroglossia, YouTube, transnationalism, Luso-descendants, (non)modernity, France, Portugal)*

Type
Articles
Information
Language in Society , Volume 44 , Issue 2: Special Issue: Heteroglossia and performance , April 2015 , pp. 213 - 242
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agha, Asif (2007a). Language and social relations. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Agha, Asif (2007b). Recombinant selves in mass mediated spacetime. Language and Communication 27(3):320–35.Google Scholar
Almeida Santos, Carla (2004). Framing Portugal: Representational dynamics. Annals of Tourism Research 31(3):640–56.Google Scholar
Antunes da Cunha, Manuel (2009). Les Portugais de France face à leur télévision. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Antunes da Cunha, Manuel (2013). La quasi-invisibilité des Portugais à la télévision: De la clandestinité à l'intégration. Exils et Migrations Ibériques au XXe Siècle 5:174–92.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, Benjamin (2007). Heteroglossia and boundaries. In Heller, Monica (ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach, 257–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, Mikhail (1981). The dialogic imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Basso, Keith (1979). Portraits of the white man: Linguistic play and cultural symbols among the western apache. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, Richard, & Briggs, Charles L. (1990). Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology 19:59–88.Google Scholar
Bauman, Richard, & Briggs, Charles L. (2003). Voices of modernity. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Besnier, Niko (2011). On the edge of the global: Modern anxieties in a Pacific island nation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Billiez, Jacqueline; Krief, K.; Lambert, Patricia; Romano;, A. & Trimaille, Cyril (2003). Pratiques et représentations langagières de groupes de pairs en milieu urbain (Rapport de recherche). Grenoble: Laboratoire Lidilem.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan (2010). The sociolinguistics of globalization. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boucher, Manuel (2000). Les théories de l'intégration entre universalisme et différentialisme. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Boyer, Henri (1997). ‘Nouveau français’, ‘parler jeune’ ou ‘langue des cités’? Remarques sur un objet linguistique médiatiquement identifié’. Langue française 114(1):6–15.Google Scholar
Brettell, Caroline (2003). Anthropology and migration: Essays on transnationalism, ethnicity, and identity. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.Google Scholar
Brown, Roger, & Gilman, Albert (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.), Style in language, 253–76. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers (2002). Ethnicity without groups. European Journal of Sociology 43:163–89.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary, & Hall, Kira (2004). Language and identity. In Duranti, Alessandro (ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology, 369–94. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Charbit, Yves; Hilly;, Marie-Antoinette & Poinard, Michel (1997). Le va-et-vient identitaire: Migrants portugais et village d'origine. Paris: INED/Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Chun, Elaine (2004). Ideologies of legitimate mockery: Margaret Cho's revoicings of mock Asian. Pragmatics 14(2/3):263–89.Google Scholar
Chun, Elaine (2009). Speaking like Asian immigrants: Intersections of accommodation and mocking. Pragmatics 19:17–38.Google Scholar
Chun, Elaine (2013). Ironic blackness as masculine cool: Asian American language and authenticity on YouTube. Applied Linguistics 34:592–612.Google Scholar
Chun, Elaine, & Walters, Keith (2011). Orienting to Arab orientalisms: Language, race, and humor in a YouTube video. In Thurlow, Crispin & Mroczek, Kristine (eds.), Digital discourse: Language in the new media, 251–73. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean, & Comaroff, John (1993). Modernity and its malcontents. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cordeiro, Albano (1994). Les termes du débat sur l'intégration et le refus de la diversité culturelle en France. In Fourier, Martine & Vermès, Geneviève (eds.), Ethnicisation des rapports sociaux: Racismes, nationalismes, ethnicismes, et culturalismes, 167–73. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Cordeiro, Albano (1999). Les Portugais, une population invisible? In Dewritte, Philippe (ed.), Immigration et intégration: L’état des saviors, 106–12. Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Creese, Angela, & Blackledge, Adrian (2010). Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching. The Modern Language Journal 94:103–15.Google Scholar
Cunha, Maria (1988). Portugais de France. Paris: Éditions de L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Dabène, Louise, & Moore, Danièle (1995). Bilingual speech of migrant people. In Lesley Milroy & Peter Muysken (eds.), One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching, 17–44. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
DaCosta Holton, Kimberly (2005). Performing folklore: Ranchos folclóricos from Lisbon to Newark. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
De Fina, Anna, & Perrino, Sabina (2013). Transnational identities. Applied Linguistics 34:509–15.Google Scholar
de la Barre, Jorge (1997). Jeunes d'origine portugaise en association: On est européen sans le savoir. Paris: Éditions de L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
de la Barre, Jorge (2006). Identités multiples en Europe. Le cas des Lusodescendants en france. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Deprez, Christine (n.d.). Sociolinguistic remarks about Portuguese in France! Construction of a stigmatized sociolect. Online: http://www.utexas.edu/cola/insts/france-ut/_files/pdf/resources/deprez.pdf.Google Scholar
Deprez, Christine (1994). Les enfants bilingues: Langues et familles. Paris: Didier-Credif.Google Scholar
de Sousa Santos, Boaventura (1995). Pela mão de Alice: O social e o politico na pós-modernidade. São Paulo: Cortez.Google Scholar
de Villanova, Roselyne (1987). La circulation des langues dans les families portugaises. In Vermès, & Boutet, , 130–42.Google Scholar
de Villanova, Roselyne (1988). Le portugais: Une langue qui se ressource en circulant. In Vermès, Geneviève (ed.), Vingt-cinq communautés linguistiques de la France, 283–300. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Dick, Hillary (2010). Imagined lives and modernist chronotopes in Mexican non-migrant discourse. American Ethnologist 37:275–90.Google Scholar
Dick, Hillary (2011). Language and migration to the United States. Annual Review of Anthropology 40:227–40.Google Scholar
Fabian, Johannes (1983). Time and the other: How anthropology makes its object. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Feldman-Bianco, Bela (1992). Multiple layers of time and space: The construction of class, ethnicity, and nationalism among Portuguese migrants. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645:145–74.Google Scholar
Favell, Adrian (2003). Integration nations: The nation-state and research on immigrants in Western Europe. Comparative Social Research 22:13–42.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Martine (2007). Miki-le-toss ou comment repérer un guech en quelques leçons: L'identité ethnique ‘tos’ en France à travers les blogs de jeunes lusodescendants. Portal Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 4:1–22.Google Scholar
Ferronha, António Lúis (1992). Atlas da Língua Portuguesa na História e no Mundo. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda/Comissão Nacional para os Descobrimentos/União Latina.Google Scholar
Gadet, Françoise (1992). Le français populaire. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan (1993). Diversity and contestation in linguistic ideologies: German speakers in Hungary. Language in Society 22(3):337–59.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan (2002). A semiotics of the public/private distinction. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 13(1):77–95.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan (2005). Language ideologies compared: Metaphors and circulations of public and private. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15:23–37.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan (2006). Contradictions of standard language in Europe: Implications for the study of practices and publics. Social Anthropology 14:163–81.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan (2011). Sociolinguistic regimes and the management of diversity. In Heller, Monica & Duchêne, Alexandre (eds.), Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit, 22–37. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gaonkar, Dilip (2001). Alternative modernities. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Glick Schiller, Nina; Basch;, Linda & Blanc-Szanton, Cristina (1992). Towards a transnational perspective on migration: Race, class, and nationalism reconsidered. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Gomes Sanches, João Domingo (1989). L'Utilisation des codes linguistiques portugais et français par les migrants portugais en France. Cahiers d'Anthropologie et de Biométrie Humaine 7:269–90.Google Scholar
Gonçalves, Albertino (1996). Imagens e clivagens: Os residentes face aos emigrantes. Porto: Edições Afrontamento.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, Alex (1995). Immigration, race and ethnicity in contemporary France. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Heller, Monica (2006). Linguistic minorities and modernity: A sociolinguistic ethnography. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane (2008). The everyday language of white racism. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hily, Marie-Antoinette, & Oriol, Michel (1993). Deuxième generation portugaise: La gestion des ressources identitaires. Revue Européenne de migrations internationales 9(3):81–93.Google Scholar
Inoue, Miyako (2006). Vicarious language: Gender and linguistic modernity in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith (2001). Style as distinctiveness: The culture and ideology of linguistic differentiation. In Eckert, Penelope & Rickford, John (eds.), Style and sociolinguistic variation, 21–23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith, & Gal, Susan (2000). Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Paul, Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of language: Ideologies, polities, and identities, 35–84. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research.Google Scholar
Jaffe, Alexandra (2000a). Comic performance and the articulation of hybrid identity. Pragmatics 10(1):39–59.Google Scholar
Jaffe, Alexandra (2000b). Introduction: Non-standard orthography and non-standard speech. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(4):497–513.Google Scholar
Jaspers, Jürgen (2011). Talking like a ‘zerolingual’: Ambiguous linguistic caricatures at an urban secondary school. Journal of Pragmatics 43:1264–78.Google Scholar
Jones, Graham, & Schieffelin, Bambi (2009). Talking text and talking back: My BFF Jill from boob tube to YouTube. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 14(4):1050–79.Google Scholar
Keating, Clara, & Solovova, Olga (2011). Multilingual dynamics among Portuguese-based migrant contexts in Europe. Journal of Pragmatics 43(5):1251–63.Google Scholar
Klimt, Andrea (1999). Enacting national selves: Authenticity, adventure, and disaffection in the Portuguese diaspora. Identities 6(4):513–50.Google Scholar
Klimt, Andrea, & Lubkeman, Stephen (2002). Argument across the Portuguese speaking world: A discursive approach to diaspora. Diaspora 11:145–62.Google Scholar
Koven, Michèle (2004). Transnational perspectives on sociolinguistic capital among Luso-descendants in France and Portugal. American Ethnologist 31(2):270–90.Google Scholar
Koven, Michèle (2007). Selves in two languages: Bilinguals’ verbal enactments of identity in French and Portuguese. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Koven, Michèle (2013a). Speaking French in Portugal: An analysis of contested models of emigrant personhood in narratives about return migration and language use. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(3):324–54.Google Scholar
Koven, Michèle (2013b). Antiracist modern selves and racist, unmodern others: Chronotopes of modernity in Luso-descendants’ race talk. Language and Communication 33(4):544–58.Google Scholar
Leandro, Maria E. (1995). Au-delà des apparences: Les Portugais face à l'insertion sociale. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Lee, Jaimie (2006). Linguistic constructions of modernity: English mixing in Korean television commercials. Language in Society 35:59–91.Google Scholar
Lepoutre, David (1997). Cœur de banlieue: Codes, rites, et langages. Paris: Odile Jacob.Google Scholar
Leppänen, Sirpa, & Häkkinen, Ari (2012). Buffalaxed superdiversity: Representations of the Other on YouTube. Diversities 14(2):17–33.Google Scholar
Li, Wei (2011). Moment analysis and translanguaging space. Journal of Pragmatics 43:1222–35.Google Scholar
Lindley Cintra, Luís Filipe (1971). Nova proposta de classificação dos dialectos galego-portugueses. Boletim de Filologia 22:81–116.Google Scholar
Lopes, Sérgio (1998). La France et ses émigrés. In Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade & FrançoisRaveau (eds.), Présence portugaise en France, 53–89. Lisboa: Universidade Aberta.Google Scholar
Martinho, Tomé Albertino (1986). Les enfants d'immigrés portugais: Cá e lá. Porto: Secretária do Estado das Comunidades Portuguesas.Google Scholar
Mayone Dias, Eduardo (1989). Falares emigreses: Uma abordagem ao seu estudo. Amadora: Biblioteca Breve.Google Scholar
Mendoza-Denton, Norma (2008). Home girls. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mira Mateus, Maria Helena (2002): Unidade e diversidade da língua portuguesa. In Mateus, Maria Helena Mira (ed.), A Face exposta da Língua Portuguesa, 15–26. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda.Google Scholar
Morford, Janet (1997). Social indexicality in French pronominal address. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7(1):3–37.Google Scholar
Noiriel, Gérard (1987). Le creuset français: Histoire de l'immigration (19–20e siècles). Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Oriol, Michel (1984). Les variations de l'identité: Étude de l’évolution de l'identité culturelle des enfants d’émigrés portugais en France et au France. (Rapport Final de Migrations, vol. 1.) Nice: IDERIC.Google Scholar
Pais de Brito, Joaquim (1982). O Estado Novo e a aldeia mais portuguesa de Portugal. In O fascismo em Portugal. Actas do Colóquio, Faculdade de Letras, 511–23. Lisbon: Regra.Google Scholar
Perrino, Sabina (2015). Chronotope. In De Fina, Anna & Georgokapolou, Alexandra (eds.), The handbook of narrative analysis. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, to appear.Google Scholar
Pingault, Jean-Baptiste (2004). Jeunes issus de l'immigration portugaise: Affirmations identitaires dans les espaces politiques nationaux. Le Mouvement Social 4(209):71–89.Google Scholar
Pires Carreira, Teresa, & Tomé, Maria-Alice (1994). Portugais et luso-français: Double culture et identité, tome 1. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis (1985). The Li'l Abner syndrome: Written representations of speech. American Speech 60(4):328–36.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben (1995). Crossing: Language and ethnicity among adolescents. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Reyes, Angela (2007). Language, identity, and stereotype among Southeast Asian American youth: The other Asian. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rogers, Susan C. (1987). Good to think: The ‘peasant’ in contemporary France. Anthropological Quarterly 60(2):56–63.Google Scholar
Schein, Louisa (1999). Performing Modernity. Cultural Anthropology 14(3):361–95.Google Scholar
Schnapper, Dominique (1991). La France de l'intégration: Sociologie de la nation. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Schnapper, Dominique (2004). La République face aux communautarismes. Études 2:177–88.Google Scholar
Shankar, Shalini (2008). Speaking like a model minority: ‘FOB’ styles, gender, and racial meanings among Desi teens in Silicon Valley. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 18(2):268–89.Google Scholar
Sieber, Timothy (2002) Multiculturalism and national identity in Lisbon's 1998 musical scene. Diaspora 11(2):163–88.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Paul (2005). Immigrant racialization and the new savage slot: Race, migration, and immigration in the New Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 34:363–84.Google Scholar
Simões Marques, Isabelle (2010). Plurilinguisme et immigration dans la littérature portugaise contemporaine. In Iliescu, Maria, Siller-Runggaldier, Heidi M., & Danler, Paul (eds.), Actes du XXVe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes, tome 1, 421–30. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Simões Marques, Isabelle (2013). A literatura como espelho das migrações entre Portugal e França: Análise de interferências e variações linguísticas. In Cid, Teresa, Alves, Teresa F., Blayer, Irene Maria, & Fagundes, Francisco Cota (eds.), Portugal pelo mundo disperso, 319–32. Lisboa: Tinta-da-China.Google Scholar
Spitulnik, Deborah (1997). The social circulation of media discourse and the mediation of communities. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 6(2):161–87.Google Scholar
Spitulnik, Deborah (2002). Accessing ‘local’ modernities: Reflection on the place of linguistic evidence in ethnography. In Knauft, Bruce (ed.), Critically modern: Alternatives, alterities, anthropologies, 194–219. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Strijdhorst dos Santos, Irène (2003). Discours d'appartenance, pratiques d'inscription sociales et territoriales: Des descendants de migrants portugais de France. Recherches en Anthropologie en France 9:23–36.Google Scholar
Strijdhorst dos Santos, Irène (2010). Les ‘brumes de la mémoire’: Expérience migratoire et quête identitaire de descendants de Portugais de France. Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales dissertation.Google Scholar
Tetreault, Chantal (2008). La Racaille: Figuring gender, generation, and stigmatized space in a French cité. Gender and Language 2(2):141–70.Google Scholar
Tetreault, Chantal (2013). Cultural citizenship in France and le Bled among teens of pan-southern immigrant heritage. Language and Communication 33(4):532–43.Google Scholar
Thomassen, Bjorn (2012). Anthropology and its many modernities: When concepts matter. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18:160–78Google Scholar
Tribalat, Michèle (1995). Faire France: Une grande enquête sur les immigrés et leurs enfants. Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Todd, Emanuel (1994). Le destin des immigrés. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Trimaille, Cyril (2004). Pratiques langagières et socialisation adolescentes: Le tricard, un autre parmi les mêmes? In Caubet, Dominique, Billiez, Jacqueline, Bulot, Thierry, Léglise, Isabelle, & Miller, Catherine (eds.), Parlers jeunes ici et là-bas: Pratiques et representations, 129–48. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Trouillot, Michel (1991). Anthropology and the savage slot: The poetics and politics of otherness. In Fox, Richard (ed.), Recapturing anthropology, 17–44. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Urciuoli, Bonnie (1995). Language and borders. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:525–46.Google Scholar
Urciuoli, Bonnie (1996). Exposing prejudice: Puerto Rican experiences of language, race, and class. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Vermès, Geneviève, & Boutet, Josiane (1987). France, pays multilingue. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Vigouroux, Cécile (2011). Magic marketing: Performing grassroots literacy. Diversities 13(2):53–70.Google Scholar
Voloshinov, Valentin N. (1973). Marxism and the philosophy of language. New York: Seminar Press.Google Scholar
Volovitch-Tavares, Marie-Claude (2006). L'immigration des Portugais en France, une histoire de paradoxes et de contrastes. In Lillo, Natacha (ed.), Travail et Politiques migratoires, Espagnols et Portugais en France au XXème siècle, 57–102. Paris: CERMI, BDIC-CRIIA.Google Scholar
Walter, Henriette (1976). La Dynamique des Phonèmes dans le Lexique Français Contemporain. Paris: France Expansion.Google Scholar
Weber, Eugen (1977). Peasants into Frenchmen: The modernization of rural France 1870–1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Weidman, Amanda (2014). Anthropology and voice. Annual Review of Anthropology 43:37–51.Google Scholar
Wievorka, Michel (2008). L'intégration un concept en difficulté. Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie 2(125): 221–40.Google Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn (1988). Codeswitching and comedy in Catalonia. In Heller, Monica (ed.), Codesswitching: Anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives, 53–76. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn (1998). Simultaneity and bivalency as strategies in bilingualism. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 8(1):3–29.Google Scholar
Wortham, Stanton E. F. (2001). Narratives in action: A strategy for research and analysis. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar