Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T09:29:33.491Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Perceiving isn't believing: Divergence in levels of sociolinguistic awareness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2019

Kevin B. McGowan*
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky, USA
Anna M. Babel
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University, USA
*
Address for correspondence: Kevin B. McGowan University of Kentucky, 1669 Patterson Office Tower, LexingtonKY40506, USA[email protected]

Abstract

The influence of social knowledge on speech perception is a question of interest to a range of disciplines of language research. This study combines experimental and qualitative approaches to investigate whether the various methodological and disciplinary threads of research on this topic are truly investigating the same phenomenon to provide converging evidence in our understanding of social listening. This study investigates listeners’ perceptions of Spanish and Quechua speakers speaking Spanish in the context of a contact zone between these two languages and their speakers in central Bolivia. The results of a pair of matched-guise vowel discrimination tasks and subsequent interviews demonstrate that what people perceive, as measured by experimental tasks, is not necessarily what they believe they hear, as reported in narrative responses to interview prompts. Multiple methodological approaches must be employed in order to fully understand the way that we perceive language at diverging levels of sociolinguistic awareness. (Perception, sociophonetics, sociolinguistics, awareness, Andean Spanish)

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahmad, Rizwan (2011). Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi. Language in Society 40:259–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrizabalaga, Carlos (2006). ‘Mote, motoso, motosidad, motoseo, motear’: Términos metalingüísticos en el español andino. Paper presented to the Análisis del discurso: Lengua, cultura, valores: Actas del I Congreso Internacional, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.Google Scholar
Babel, Anna M. (2010). Contact and contrast in Valley Spanish. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Online: http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/77866/ambabel_1.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
Babel, Anna M. (2014). Stereotypes versus experience: Indexing regional identity in Bolivian Valley Spanish. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18:604–33. doi: 10.1111/josl.12101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babel, Anna M. (ed.) (2016a). Awareness and control in sociolinguistic research. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babel, Anna M. (2016b). Preface. In Babel (2016a), xix–xxii.Google Scholar
Babel, Anna M. (2016c). Silence as control: Shame and self-consciousness in sociolinguistic positioning. In Babel (2016a), 200–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babel, Anna M. (2018). Between the Andes and the Amazon: Language and social meaning in Bolivia. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, Douglas; Maechler, Martin; Bolker, Ben; & Walker, Steve (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67(1):148. doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baugh, John (2003). Linguistic profiling. Black linguistics: Language, society, and politics in Africa and the Americas 1:155–68.Google Scholar
Beddor, Patrice Speeter (2015). Experimental phonetics. In Heine, Bernd & Narrog, Heiko (eds.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis, 503–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beddor, Patrice Speeter; Coetzee, Andries W.; Styler, Will; McGowan;, Kevin B. & Boland, Julie E. (2018). The time course of individuals’ perception of coarticulatory information is linked to their production: implications for sound change. Language 94(4):931–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beddor, Patrice Speeter; Harnsberger;, James D. & Lindemann, Stephanie (2002). Acoustic and perceptual characteristics of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in Shona and English. Journal of Phonetics 30:591627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beddor, Patrice Speeter; McGowan, Kevin. B.; Boland, Julie. E.; Coetzee, Andries W.; & Brasher, Anthony (2013). The time course of perception of coarticulation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133:2350–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bucholtz, Mary (2010). White kids: Language, race, and styles of youth identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary, & Hall, Kira (2005). Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7:585614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, Jeremy (2019). From sissy to sickening: The indexical landscape of /s/ in SoMa, San Francisco. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. Online: https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/Courses/l1562018/Readings/CalderInPrep.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn (2008). I'll be the judge of that: Diversity in social perceptions of (ING). Language in Society 37:637–59. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047404508080974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn (2009). The nature of sociolinguistic perception. Language Variation and Change 21:135–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn (2010). The sociolinguistic variant as a carrier of social meaning. Language Variation and Change 22:423–41. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954394510000177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn (2011). Intersecting variables and perceived sexual orientation in men. American Speech 86(1):5268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn (2016). Toward a cognitively realistic model of meaningful social variation. In Babel (2016a), 123–51.Google Scholar
Carmichael, Katie (2016). Place-linked expectations and listener awareness of regional accents. In Babel (2016a), 152–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choksi, Nishaant, & Meek, Barbra A. (2016). Theorizing salience: Orthographic practice and the enfigurement of minority languages. In Babel (2016a), 228–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas, & Jaworski, Adam (2004). Sociolinguistic perspectives on metalanguage: Reflexivity, evaluation, and ideology. In Jaworski, Adam, Coupland, Nikolas, & Galasisnski, Dariusz (eds.), Metalanguage: Social and ideological perspectives, 1552. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
de la Cadena, Marisol (2000). Indigenous Mestizos: The politics of race and culture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919–1991. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Docherty, Gerard J., & Foulkes, Paul (2014). An evaluation of usage-based approaches to the modelling of sociophonetic variability. Lingua 142:4256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Onofrio, Annette (2015). Persona-based information shapes linguistic perception: Valley girls and California vowels. Journal of Sociolinguistics 19(2):241–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Onofrio, Annette (2018). Controlled and automatic perceptions of a sociolinguistic marker. Language Variation and Change 30(2):261–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drager, Katie (2009). A sociophonetic ethnography of Selwyn Girls’ High. Canterbury: University of Canterbury dissertation.Google Scholar
Drager, Katie (2010). Sociophonetic variation in speech perception. Language and Linguistics Compass 4(7):473–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drager, Katie, & Kirtley, Joelle (2016). Awareness, salience, and stereotypes in exemplar-based models of speech production and perception. In Babel (2016a), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fry, D. B.; Abramson, Arthur S.; Eimas;, Peter D. & Liberman, Alvin M. (1962). The identification and discrimination of synthetic vowels. Language and Speech 5(4):171–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gnevsheva, Ksenia (2017). Within-speaker variation in passing for a native speaker. International Journal of Bilingualism 21(2):213–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren; Coppock, Elizabeth; & Starr, Rebecca L. (2010). Indexing political persuasion: Variation in the Iraq vowels. American Speech 85:91102. Online: http://americanspeech.dukejournals.org/content/85/1/91.abstract.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, Jennifer; Nolan, Aaron; & Drager, Katie (2006). From fush to feesh: Exemplar priming in speech perception. The Linguistic Review 23(3):351–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, Jennifer; Warren, Paul; & Drager, Katie (2006). Factors influencing speech perception in the context of a merger-in-progress. Journal of Phonetics 34:458–84. Online: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447005000550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillewaert, Sarah (2015). Writing with an accent: Orthographic practice, emblems, and traces on Facebook. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 25:195214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, Rosaleen (2007). Por los linderos de la lengua: Ideologías lingüísticas en los Andes. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, Judith T., & Gal, Susan (2000). Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Kroskrity, Paul V. (ed.), Regimes of language: Ideologies, polities, and identities, 3583. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Jaffe, Alexandra; Androutsopoulos, Jannis; Sebba, Mark; & Johnson, Sally (2012). Orthography as social action: Scripts, spelling, identity and power. Boston, MA: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraljic, Tanya; Samuel, Arthur G.; & Brennan, Susan E. (2008). First impressions and last resorts: How listeners adjust to speaker variability. Psychological Science 19(4):332–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labov, William (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William (2006). The social stratification of English in New York City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Ravindranath, Maya; Weldon, Tracey; Baranowski, Maciej; & Nagy, Naomi (2011). Properties of the sociolinguistic monitor. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15:431–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter, & Broadbent, Donald E. (1957). Information conveyed by vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 29(1):98104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahiri, Aditi, & Marslen-Wilson, William (1991). The mental representation of lexical form: A phonological approach to the recognition lexicon. Cognition 38(3):245–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levon, Erez, & Fox, Sue (2014). Social salience and the sociolinguistic monitor: A case study of ING and TH-fronting in Britain. Journal of English Linguistics 42(3):185217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucy, John (1993). Reflexive language and the human disciplines. In John Lucy (ed.), Reflexive language: Reported speech and metapragmatics, 932. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, Sarah, & Munson, Benjamin (2012). The influence of /s/ quality on ratings of men's sexual orientation: Explicit and implicit measures of the ‘gay lisp’ stereotype. Journal of Phonetics 40(1):198212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannheim, Bruce (1986). Popular song and popular grammar, poetry, and metalanguage. Word 37:4575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, Janet (1976). Vocal tract normalization for /s/and /ʃ/. Haskins Laboratories: Status Report on Speech Research, SR 48:6773.Google Scholar
McGowan, Kevin B. (2015). Social expectation improves speech perception in noise. Language and Speech 58(4):502–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGowan, Kevin B. (2016). Sounding Chinese and listening Chinese: Imitation, perception, and awareness of non-native phonology. In Babel (2016a), 25–61.Google Scholar
Meek, Barbra A. (2006). And the Injun goes ‘How!’: Representations of American Indian English in white public space. Language in Society 35:93128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendoza-Denton, Norma (2008). Homegirls: Symbolic practices in the making of Latina youth styles. Maiden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munson, Benjamin (2007). The acoustic correlates of perceived sexual orientation, perceived masculinity, and perceived femininity. Language and Speech 50(1):125–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niedzielski, Nancy (1999). The effect of social information on the perception of sociolinguistic variables. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 18(1):6285. Online: http://jls.sagepub.com/content/18/1/62.abstract.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy, & Preston, Dennis R. (2003). Folk linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Nycz, Jennifer (2016). Awareness and acquisition of new dialect features. In Babel (2016a), 62–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Rourke, Erin (2010). Dialect differences and the bilingual vowel space in Peruvian Spanish. Paper presented to the selected proceedings of the 4th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology, Somerville, MA.Google Scholar
Pasquale, Michael (2009). Phonological variation in a Peruvian Quechua speech community. Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages 25:245–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pisoni, David B. (1975) Auditory short-term memory and vowel perception. Memory & Cognition 3(1):718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preston, Dennis (1996). Whaddayaknow: The modes of folk linguistic awareness. Language Awareness 5:4074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, Dennis (2016). Whaddayaknow now? In Babel (2016a), 177–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Core Team (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Online: http://www.R-project.org/.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R., & King, Sharese (2016). Language and linguistics on trial: Hearing Rachel Jeantel (and other vernacular speakers) in the courtroom and beyond. Language 92(4):948–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickford, John R., & McNair-Knox, Faye (1994). Addressee- and topic-influenced style shift: A quantitative sociolinguistic study. In Biber, Douglas & Finegan, Edward (eds.), Sociolinguistic perspectives on register, 235–76. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosa, Jonathan, & Flores, Nelson (2017). Unsettling race and language: Toward a raciolinguistic perspective. Language in Society 46(5):621–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1998). Investigating ‘self-conscious’ speech: The performance register in Ocracoke English. Language in Society 27:5383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, Michael (1979). Language structure and linguistic ideology. In Clyne, Paul R., Hanks, William F., & Hofbauer, Carol L. (eds.), The elements: A parasession on linguistic units and levels, 193–95. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael (1981). The limits of awareness. Texas Working Papers in Linguistics 84:130.Google Scholar
Squires, Lauren (2016). Processing grammatical differences: Perceiving versus noticing. In Babel (2016a), 80–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, Marcia (1999). Gender and modernity in Andean Bolivia. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Strand, Elizabeth A., & Johnson, Keith (1996). Gradient and visual speaker normalization in the perception of fricatives. In Gibbon, Dafydd (ed.), Natural language processing and speech technology: Results of the 3rd KONVENS conference, Bielefeld, October 1996, 1426. Berlin: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumner, Meghan; Kim, Seung Kyung; King;, Ed & McGowan, Kevin B. (2014). The socially weighted encoding of spoken words: A dual-route approach to speech perception. Frontiers in Psychology 4. Online: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01015/full.Google Scholar
Whalen, Douglas H. (1984). Subcategorical phonetic mismatches slow phonetic judgments. Perception and Psychophysics 35:4964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, Douglas H. (1991). Subcategorical phonetic mismatches and lexical access. Perception & Psychophysics 50(4):351–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woolard, Kathryn (1998). Language ideology as a field of inquiry. In Schieffelin, Bambi B., Woolard, Kathryn A., & Kroskrity, Paul V. (eds.), Language ideologies: Practice and theory, 347. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zavala, Virginia (2011). Racialization of the bilingual student in higher educaiton: A case from the Peruvian Andes. Linguistics and Education 22(4):393405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimman, Lal (2016). Sociolinguistic agency and the gendered voice: Metalinguistic negotiations of vocal masculinization among female-to-male transgender speakers. In Babel (2016a), 253–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar