Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T00:52:45.853Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2009

Rosina Lippi-Green
Affiliation:
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1275

Abstract

Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act clearly forbids an employer to discriminate against persons of color for reasons of personal or customer preference. Similarly, a qualified job applicant may not be rejected on the basis of linguistic traits linked to national origin. In contrast to racial discrimination, however, an employer has considerable latitude in matters of language, provided in part by a judicial system which recognizes in theory the link between language and social identity, but in practice is often confounded by blind adherence to a standard language ideology. The nature and repercussions of this type of linguistic discrimination are here explored. (Language and law, accent, discrimination, standard language ideology, critical language studies)

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Andrews 1992. Andrews, George W. v. Cartex Corporation. Civil Action No. 91–7109. 1992 U.S. District Court. Source: LEXIS 11468.Google Scholar
Ang 1991. Ignatius, G. Ang v. The Proctor & Gamble Company. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 932:540; LEXIS 8993; Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA) 55:1666; Employment Practices Decisions (CCH) 56:40732.Google Scholar
Bell 1984. Bell, v. Home Life Insurance Company. Source: Federal Supplement 596:1549.Google Scholar
Berke 1980. Berke, Rozalia v. Ohio Department of Public Welfare. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 628:980–81.Google Scholar
Carino 1981. Carino, Donaciano v. Regents of the University of Oklahoma. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 750:815; Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA) 25:1332.Google Scholar
Carroll 1989. Carroll, Doritt v. Elliott Personnel Services. Source: Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA) 51:1173; Employment Practice Decisions (CCH) 52:39508.Google Scholar
Casas 1983. Casas, v. First American Bank. Source: Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA) 31:1479.Google Scholar
Dabor 1991. Dabor, E. G. v. Dayton Power & Light Company. Source: LEXIS 2402.Google Scholar
Dercach 1987. Dercach, Anthony v. Indiana Department of Highways. Source: Fair Employment Practice Cases (BNA) 45:899; LEXIS 13413.Google Scholar
Duddey 1989. Duddey, John v. Ruder, David S., Chairman Securities & Exchange Commission, EEOC No. 05890115. Source: EEOC materials and press releases.Google Scholar
Edwards 1978. Edwards, Violet B. v. Gladewater Independent School District. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 572:496; Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA) 21:1374; Employment Practices Decisions (CCH) 16:8288.Google Scholar
Garcia, C. 1978. Garcia, Christobal et al. v. Victoria Independent School District et al. Source: Employment Practices Decisions (CCH) Vol. 17, Para. 8.544, S.D. Texas.Google Scholar
Garcia, H. 1980. Garcia, Hector v. Gloor, Alton V. W. et al. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 618:264, Fair Employment Practices (BNA) 22:1403.Google Scholar
Fragrante 1987. Fragrante, v. City and County of Honolulu. Source: Federal Supplement 699:1429–32.Google Scholar
Fragante 1989. Fragrante, v. City and County of Honolulu. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 888:591, 594–95; Matsuda 1991.Google Scholar
Hou 1983. Hou, v. Pennsylvania Department of Education. Source: Federal Supplement 573:1539–49.Google Scholar
Ipina 1988. Ipina, Jorge M. v. State of Michigan Department of Management and Budget. Source: Federal Supplement 699:132; LEXIS 15381.Google Scholar
Kahakua 1987a. Friday, Kahakua v.. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 876:896.Google Scholar
Kahakua 1987b. Hallgren, Kahakua v., No. 86–0434. District Hawaii. Source: Matsuda 1991 (no published opinion or summaries).Google Scholar
King 1978. The Martin Luther King Junior Elementary School Children v. The Michigan Board of Education, the Michigan Superintendent of Public Instruction and the Ann Arbor School District Board, Civil Action No. 77–71861, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division. Source: Memorandum Opinion and Order of Charles W. Joiner (reproduced in Chambers 1983).Google Scholar
Kpodo pending. EEOC v. Madison Hotel Corporation, Civil Action No. 92–718 A, Eastern District Virginia, Alexandria Division. Source: EEOC materials.Google Scholar
Lubitz 1992. Lubitz, John R. v. Garrett, H. Lawrence, III, Secretary of the Department of the Navy. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 962:7; LEXIS 17272.Google Scholar
Mandhare 1985. Mandhare, Sulochana v. LaFargue, W. S. Elementary School, the Lafourche Parish School Board, Parish of Lafourche. Source: Federal Supplement 605:238; Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA) 37:1611; Federal Reporter (2d) 788:1563; Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA) 41:64; Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA) 42:1014; LEXIS; interview with S. Mandhare, 29 March 1993.Google Scholar
Mandhare 1986. Mandhare, Sulochana v. LaFargue, W. S. Elementary School, the Lafourche Parish School Board, Parish of Lafourche. Source: Unpublished opinion of Chief Judge Clark, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, No. 85–3212.Google Scholar
Meijia 1978. Meijia, v. New York Sheraton Hotel. Source: Federal Supplement 459:375–77.Google Scholar
Park 1988. Park, Kee Y. v. Baker, James A. III, Secretary of the Treasury, EEOC No. 05870646. Source: EEOC materials.Google Scholar
Patel 1992. U.S. Equal Employment Commission v. Eiki International, Inc. U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. Source: EEOC materials; telephone interview with R. Gupta; EEOC; newspaper reports.Google Scholar
Rodriguez 1989. Rodriguez, Bernardino v. City of Hialeah. Source: Federal Supplement 716:1425; LEXIS 4616.Google Scholar
Sparks 1972. Griffin, Sparks v.. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 460:433–36, note 1.Google Scholar
Slaruch 1992. Staruch, v. U.S. Bureau of Information. Source: EEOC Opinion.Google Scholar
Stephen 1989. Stephen, v. PGA Sheraton Resort, Ltd. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 873:276, 280–81.Google Scholar
Tran 1983. Tran, v. City of Houston. Source: Fair Employment Practices Cases (BNA)35:471.Google Scholar
Vartivarian 1991. Vartivarian, Angel K. v. Golden Rule Insurance Company. United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, No. 88 C 1269. Source: LEXIS 6558.Google Scholar
Xieng 1991. Xieng, Phanna K. et al. v. Peoples National Bank of Washington. Source: Federal Reporter (2d) 821:52O; Washington State Appeals Court Opinion; Findings of Fact WL 269877.Google Scholar
Xieng 1992. Xieng, Phanna K. and Xieng, Bathou, husband and wife v. Peoples National Bank of Washington. Source: Washington State Supreme Court opinion dated January 21 1993 (No. 59064–8).Google Scholar
Bailey, Richard (1991). Images of English. A cultural history of the language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Baron, Dennis (1990). The English-Only question: An official language for Americans? New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Colin, & Newby, Howard (1971). Community studies: An introduction to the sociology of the local community. London: Allen & Unwin. (2nd rev. ed., 1982.)Google Scholar
Black's, (1991). Black's law dictionary, abridged 6th ed. St. Paul, MN: West.Google Scholar
Burling, Robbins (1973). English in black and white. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Carranza, Michael A., & Ryan, Ellen B. (1975). Evaluative reactions of adolescents toward speakers of standard English and Mexican American accented English. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 8: 3102.Google Scholar
Caudill, Edward (1989). The roots of bias: An empiricist press and coverage of the Scopes trial. (Journ lism monographs, 114.) Columbia, SC: Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.Google Scholar
Chambers, John W. Jr, ed. (1983). Black English: Educational equity and the law. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Christian, Donna (1988). Variation and change in geographically isolated communities: Appalachian English and Ozark English. University, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Herbert H., & Schaefer, Edward F. (1989). Contributing to discourse. Cognitive Science 13:259–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Herbert H., & Deanna, Wilkes-Gibbs (1986). Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition 22: 139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cormack, Mike (1993). Problems of minority language broadcasting: Gaelic in Scotland. European Journal of Communication 8:101–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, James (1992). Hold your tongue: Bilingualism and the politics of English Only. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Cutler, Stephen (1985). A trait-based approach to national origin discrimination. Yale Law Journal 94:1164–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillard, J. L. (1992). History of American English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Miriam (1983). Native reactions to non-native speech: A review of empirical research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 5:160–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairclough, Norman (1989). Language and power. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Faust, David, & Jay, Ziskin (1988). The expert witness in psychology and psychiatry. Science 241: 31–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federal, Register (1988). Guidelines on discrimination because of national origin. Vol. 45, No. 250, Part VI. Washington, DC: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Rules and Regulations.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard (1971). Ethnocentrism and the evaluation of accented speech. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 10:187–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, Howard (1984). The dynamics of speech accommodation. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard & Coupland, J., eds. (1991). Contexts of accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, Howard, & Ryan, Ellen B. (1982). Prolegomena for developing a social psychological theory of language attitudes. In Ryan, E. B. & Giles, H. (eds.), Attitudes toward language variation: Social and applied contexts, 208–23. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
John, Mellie; Yates, Paulene; & DeLancy, Edward (1975). The New Building Better English.4th ed. Vol. 9: Text and grammar handbook. Evanston, IL: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Kalin, Rudolf, & Rayko, Donald S. (1978). Discrimination in evaluative judgments against foreign-accented job candidates. Psychological Reports 43:1203–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, Rudolf; Rayko, Donald S.; & Love, N. (1979).The perception and evaluation of job candidates with four different ethnic accents. In Giles, Howard et al. (eds.), Social psychology and language, 197202. London: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Kress, Gunther R. (1985). Linguistic processes in socioculturalpractice. 2nd ed. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William (1969). The logic of non-standard English. Georgetown Monographs on Language and Linguistics 22: 122.Google Scholar
Lambert, Wallace E. (1967). The social psychology of bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues 23: 91109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, Wallace E.; Hodgson, R.; Gardner, R. C.; & Sillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60: 4451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levi, Judith N. (1994). Language and law: A bibliographic guide to social science research in the U.S.A. Washington, DC: American Bar Association, to appear.Google Scholar
Matsuda, Mari J. (1991). Voice of America: Accent, antidiscrimination law, and a jurisprudence for the last reconstruction. Yale Law Journal 100: 13291407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992). The Oxford companion to the English language. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Milroy, James (1989). On the concept of prestige in sociolinguistic argumentation. York Papers in Linguistics 13:215–26.Google Scholar
Milroy, James, & Lesley, Milroy (1985). Authority in language: Investigating language prescription and standardisation. London: Routledge. (2nd rev. ed., 1992.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miron, Murray S. (1990). Psycholinguistics in the courtroom. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 606: 5564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ragno, Nancy; Marian, Toth; & Betty, Gray (1987). Silver Burdett English: Teacher's edition 5. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett.Google Scholar
Raspberry, William (1990). What it means to be Black. In Eschholz, Paul et al. (eds.), Language awareness, 5th ed., 269–72. [Originally published in the Washington Post, 1985.]Google Scholar
Rickford, John (1985). Standard and non-standard language attitudes in a Creole continuum. In Wolfson, Nessa & Manes, Joan (eds.), Language of inequality, 145–60. Berlin: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickford, John, & Traugott, Elizabeth Closs (1985). Symbol of powerlessness and degeneracy, or symbol of solidarity and truth? Paradoxical attitudes toward pidgins and Creoles. In Greenbaum, Sidney(ed.), The English language today, 252–61. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Roberts, Celia; Evelyn, Davies; & Tom, Jupp (1992). Language and discrimination: A study of communication in multi-ethnic workplaces. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Robertson, J. Forbes (1911). Pronunciation. In Proceedings of the Indiana Association of Teachers of English. Bloomington: Indiana University.Google Scholar
Ryan, Ellen B.; Carranza, Miguel; & Moffie, Robert W. (1977). Reactions toward varying degrees of accentedness in the speech of Spanish-English bilinguals. Language and Speech 20:267–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, Charlene J. (1991). Sociolinguistic variation and language attitudes in Hawaii. In Cheshire, Jenny (ed.), English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives, 647–63. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shuy, Roger (1993). Language crimes: The use and abuse of language evidence in the courtroom. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Strickland, Dorothy (1983). Language for daily use: Teacher's edition, Level 3. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Thakerar, Jitendra N.; Howard, Giles; & Cheshire Jenny (1982). Psychological and linguistic parameters of speech accommodation theory. In Colin Fraser & Klaus R. Scherer (eds.), Advances in the social psychology of language, 205–55. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, John B. (1984). Studies in the theory of ideology. Cambridge: Polity.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (1992). Statistical yearbook. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Verploegen, H. (1988). Pidgin in classroom stirs spirited debate by seniors. Honolulu StarBulletin, June 1, pp. Al, A8.Google Scholar
Warren, James (1993). English vs. English. Chicago Tribune, January 17, 1993. Tempo, p. 2, Zone C, Sunday Watch.Google Scholar
Windsor, Patricia (1993). Clague teacher's remarks show bias, black parents charge. Ann Arbor News, April 22, 1993, pp. Cl, C3.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, & Christian, Donna (1976). Appalachian speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar