Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T20:31:15.643Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Palatal is for happiness, plosive is for sadness: evidence for stochastic relationships between phoneme classes and sentiment polarity in Hungarian

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 September 2022

Réka Benczes Open the ORCID record for Réka Benczes [Opens in a new window]  and
Gábor Kovács
Réka Benczes*
Affiliation:
Department of Communication and Media, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
Gábor Kovács
Affiliation:
Department of Communication and Media, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The past couple of decades have seen a substantial increase in linguistic research that highlights the non-arbitrariness of language, as manifested in motivated sound–meaning correspondences. Yet one of the challenges of such studies is that there is a relative paucity of data-driven analyses, especially in the case of languages other than English, such as Hungarian, even though the proportion of at least partially motivated words in Hungarian vocabulary is substantial. We address this gap by investigating the relationship between Hungarian phoneme classes and positive/negative sentiment based on 3,023 word forms retrieved from the Hungarian Sentiment Lexicon. Our results indicate that positive polarity word forms tend to contain more vowels, front vowels, continuants, fricatives, palatals, and sibilants. On the other hand, negative sentiment polarity words tend to have more rounded vowels, plosives, and dorsal consonants. While our analysis provides strong evidence for a set of non-arbitrary form–meaning relationships, effect sizes also reveal that such associations tend to be fairly weak tendencies, and therefore sentiment polarity cannot be derived from the relative frequencies of phoneme classes in a deterministic fashion.

Keywords

Hungarianphoneme classsentiment polaritysound symbolismnon-arbitrariness
Type
Article
Information
Language and Cognition , Volume 14 , Issue 4 , December 2022 , pp. 672 - 691
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelman, J. S., Estes, Z., & Cossu, M. (2018). Emotional sound symbolism: Languages rapidly signal valence via phonemes. Cognition, 175, 122–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alpher, B. (1994). Yir-Yiront ideophones. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 161–177). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aoki, H. (1994). Symbolism in Nez Perce. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 15–22). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aryani, A., Conrad, M., Schmidtke, D., & Jacobs, A. (2018). Why is “piss” ruder than “pee”? The role of sound in affective meaning making. PloS One, 13(6), e0198430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asano, M., Imai, M., Kita, S., Kitajo, K., Okada, H., & Thierry, G. (2015). Sound symbolism scaffolds language development in preverbal infants. Cortex, 63, 196–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assaneo, M. F., Nichols, J. I., & Trevisan, M. A. (2011). The anatomy of onomatopoeia. PloS One, 6(12), e28317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auracher, J., Albers, S., Zhai, Y., Gareeva, G., & Stavniychuk, T. (2010). P is for happiness, N is for sadness: Universals in sound iconicity to detect emotions in poetry. Discourse Processes, 48(1), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austerlitz, R. (1994). Finnish and Gilyak sound symbolism—the interplay between system and history. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 249–260). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aveyard, M. E. (2012). Some consonants sound curvy: Effects of sound symbolism on object recognition. Memory & Cognition, 40(1), 83–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benczes, R. (2019). Rhyme over reason: Phonological motivation in English. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benő, A. & Szilágyi, S. N. (2015). Hangzásséma és motiváltság a hangutánzó és hangulatfestő igéink körében [Sound schema and motivation among our onomatopoeic and imitative verbs]. In Kádár, E. & Szilágyi, S. N. (Eds.), Motiváltság és nyelvi ikonicitás [Motivation and linguistic iconicity] (pp. 43–57). Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület.Google Scholar
Bergen, B. K. (2004). The psychological reality of phonaesthemes. Language, 80(2), 290–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boda, I. K. & Porkoláb, J. (2013). Hang-és színszimbolika a poétikai kommunikációban [Sound and colour symbolism in poetic communication]. Alkalmazott Nyelvészeti Közlemények, 8(2), 87–96.Google Scholar
Cambria, E., Das, D., Bandyopadhyay, S., & Feraco, A. (Eds.) (2017). A practical guide to sentiment analysis. Springer International Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, G. T. (1994). African ideophones. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 178–204). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cuyckens, H., Berg, T., Dirven, R., & Panther, K.-U. (Eds.) (2003). Motivation in language: Studies in honor of Günter Radden. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Cuypere, L. (2008). Limiting the iconic: From the metatheoretical foundations to the creative possibilities of iconicity in language. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimény, H. (2018). Sound symbolism and meaning patterns: The case of Hungarian verbs. Roczniki Humanistyczne, 66(11), 47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dingemanse, M., Blasi, D. E., Lupyan, G., Christiansen, M. H., & Monaghan, P. (2015). Arbitrariness, iconicity and systematicity in language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(10), 603–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dingemanse, M., Perlman, M., & Perniss, P. (2020). Construals of iconicity: Experimental approaches to form–meaning resemblances in language. Language and Cognition, 12(1), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elekfi, L. (1994). Magyar ragozási szótár [Dictionary of Hungarian inflections]. MTA Nyelvtudományi Intézet.Google Scholar
Elsen, H. (2017). The two meanings of sound symbolism. Open Linguistics, 3(1), 491–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsen, H., Németh, R., & Kovács, L. (2021). The sound of size revisited: New insights from a German–Hungarian comparative study on sound symbolism. Language Sciences, 85, 101360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawcett, T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27, 861–874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fónagy, I. (1959). A költői nyelv hangtanából [On the phonology of poetic language]. Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Fónagy, I. (1960). A hang és szó hírértéke a költői nyelvben [The information value of sound and word in poetic language]. Nyelvtudományi Közlemények, 62, 73–100.Google Scholar
Fónagy, I. (1961). Communication in poetry. Word, 17, 194–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fónagy, I. (1963). Die Metaphern in der Phonetik. Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des wissenschaftlichen Denkens. The Hague.Google Scholar
Garrido, M. V. & Godinho, S. (2021). When vowels make us smile: The influence of articulatory feedback in judgments of warmth and competence. Cognition & Emotion, 35(5), 837–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gendron, M., Roberson, D., van der Vyver, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (2014). Cultural relativity in perceiving emotion from vocalizations. Psychological science, 25(4), 911–920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.Google Scholar
Hamano, S. (1994). Palatalization in Japanese sound symbolism. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 148–157). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Haynie, H., Bowern, C., & LaPalombara, H. (2014). Sound symbolism in the languages of Australia. PloS One, 9(4), e92852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilmer, H. (1914). Schallnachamung, Wortschoepfung und Bedeutungswandel. Helle.Google Scholar
Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (1994). Introduction: Sound symbolic processes. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 1–12). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hockett, C. F. (1960). The origin of speech. Scientific American, 203, 89–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IBM Corp. (2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0. IBM Corp.Google Scholar
Igarashi, T., Sasano, R., Takamura, H., & Okumura, M. (2013). Use of sound symbolism in sentiment classification. Journal of Natural Language Processing, 20(2), 183–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, M. & Kita, S. (2014). The sound symbolism bootstrapping hypothesis for language acquisition and language evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imai, M., Kita, S., Nagumo, M., & Okada, H. (2008). Sound symbolism facilitates early verb learning. Cognition, 109, 54–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobsen, W. H. (1994). Nootkan vocative vocalism and its implications. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 23–39). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. & Waugh, L. R. (1979). The sound shape of language. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Jespersen, O. (1918). Nogle men-ord. In Studier tillegnade Esaias Tegner (pp. 49–55). Lund.Google Scholar
Johansson, N., Carr, J. W., & Kirby, S. (2021). Cultural evolution leads to vocal iconicity in an experimental iterated learning task. Journal of Language Evolution, 6(1), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansson, N. & Zlatev, J. (2013). Motivations for sound symbolism in spatial deixis: A typological study of 101 languages. Public Journal of Semiotics, 5(1), 3–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, B. D. (1994). Modern Greek ts: Beyond sound symbolism. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 222–236). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kádár, E. & Szilágyi, S. N. (Eds.) (2015). Motiváltság és nyelvi ikonicitás [Motivation and linguistic iconicity]. Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület.Google Scholar
Karlgren, B. (1962). Sound symbolism in Chinese. Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Kim, K. (1977). Sound symbolism in Korean. Journal of Linguistics, 13, 67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klamer, M. (2002). Semantically motivated lexical patterns: A study of Dutch and Kambera expressives. Language, 78, 258–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoeferle, K., Li, J., Maggioni, E., & Spence, C. (2017). What drives sound symbolism? Different acoustic cues underlie sound-size and sound-shape mappings. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Köhler, W. (1929). Gestalt psychology (2nd ed.). Liveright.Google Scholar
Lahti, K., Barrett, R., & Webster, A. K. (2014). Ideophones: Between grammar and poetry. Pragmatics and Society, 5(3), 335–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laing, C. E. (2014). A phonological analysis of onomatopoeia in early word production. First Language, 34(5), 387–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapolla, R. J. (1994). An experimental investigation into phonetic symbolism as it relates to Mandarin Chinese. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 130–147). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lei, L. & Liu, D. (2021). Conducting sentiment analysis. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louwerse, M. & Qu, Z. (2017). Estimating valence from the sound of a word: Computational, experimental, and cross-linguistic evidence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(3), 849–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupyan, G. & Winter, B. (2018). Language is more abstract than you think, or, why aren’t languages more iconic? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1752), 20170137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maurer, D., Pathman, T., & Mondloch, C. J. (2006). The shape of boubas: Sound-shape correspondences in toddlers and adults. Developmental Science, 9, 316–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGraw, K. O. & Wong, S. P. (1992). A common language effect size statistic. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 361–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molnár, I. T. (1993). A magyar beszédhangok szubjektív elemi szimbolikája [The subjective fundamental symbolism of Hungarian speech sounds]. Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Monaghan, P., Shillcock, R. C., Christiansen, M. H., & Kirby, S. (2014). How arbitrary is language? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1651), 20130299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mundry, R. & Nunn, C. L. (2008). Stepwise model fitting and statistical inference: Turning noise into signal pollution. The American Naturalist, 173(1), 119–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Schulz, B., Pujara, M., Wolf, R. C., & Koenigs, M. (2013). Inherent emotional quality of human speech sounds. Cognition & Emotion, 27(6), 1105–1113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nádasdy, Á. (2006). Background to English pronunciation. Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó.Google Scholar
Nänny, M. & Fischer, O. (Eds.) (1999). Form miming meaning: Iconicity in language and literature. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, J. (1971). Diminutive consonant symbolism in Western North America. Language, 47, 826–848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perniss, P., Thompson, R. L., & Vigliocco, G. (2010). Iconicity as a general property of language: Evidence from spoken and signed languages. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perniss, P. & Vigliocco, G. (2014). The bridge of iconicity: From a world of experience to the experience of language. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, L. K., Perlman, M., & Lupyan, G. (2015). Iconicity in English and Spanish and its relation to lexical category and age of acquisition. PloS One, 10(9), e0137147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, L. K., Perlman, M., Winter, B., Massaro, D. W., & Lupyan, G. (2018). Iconicity in the speech of children and adults. Developmental Science, 21(3), e12572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterfalvi, J. M. (1970). Recherches expérimentales sur le symbolisme phonétique. American Journal of Psychology, 65, 439–473.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. & Majid, A. (2011). Emotional sound symbolism. In Field manual (Vol. 14, pp. 16–18). Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.Google Scholar
Pomozi, P. 2015. A magánhangzó-harmónia ikonikus szerepéről egyes finnugor nyelvekben [On the iconic role of vowel harmony in various Finno-Ugric languages]. In: Kádár, E. & Szilágyi, S. N. (Eds.), Motiváltság és nyelvi ikonicitás [Motivation and linguistic iconicity] (pp. 68–87). Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület.Google Scholar
Preziosi, M. A. & Coane, J. H. (2017). Remembering that big things sound big: Sound symbolism and associative memory. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2(1), 1–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Ramachandran, V. S. & Hubbard, E. M. (2001). Synaesthesia: A window into perception, thought and language. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8, 3–34.Google Scholar
Rummer, R. & Schweppe, J. (2019). Talking emotions: vowel selection in fictional names depends on the emotional valence of the to-be-named faces and objects. Cognition and Emotion, 33(3), 404–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sapir, E. (1929). A study in phonetic symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 225–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saussure, F. d. (1915/1959). Course in general linguistics. Bally, C, Sechehaye, A., & Riedlinger, A. (Eds.), Baskin, W. (Trans.). McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S. K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(6), 2408–2412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidtke, D., Conrad, M., & Jacobs, A. M. (2014). Phonological iconicity. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheskin, D. J. (2004). Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Shinohara, K. & Kawahara, S. (2010). A cross-linguistic comparison of sound symbolism: Images of size. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 36(1), 396–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidhu, D. M., Deschamps, K., Bourdage, J. S., & Pexman, P. M. (2019). Does the name say it all? Investigating phoneme-personality sound symbolism in first names. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(9), 1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverstein, M. (1994). Relative motivation in denotational and indexical sound symbolism of Wasco-Wishram Chinookan. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 40–60). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simone, R. (Ed.) (1995). Iconicity in language. John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siptár, P. (1994). A mássalhangzók [The consonants]. In Kiefer, F. (Ed.), Strukturális magyar nyelvtan, 2. kötet: Fonológia [Structural Hungarian grammar, Vol. 2: Phonology] (pp. 183–272). Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Siptár, P. (1998). Hangtan [Phonology]. In Kiss, K. É., Kiefer, F., & Siptár, P. (Eds.), Új magyar nyelvtan [New Hungarian grammar]. Osiris Kiadó.Google Scholar
Siptár, P. (2016). A mássalhangzók [The consonants]. In Kiefer, F. (Ed.), Strukturális magyar nyelvtan, 2. kötet: Fonológia (javított digitalis kiadás) [Structural Hungarian Grammar, Vol. 2: Phonology, revised digital edition]. Akadémiai Kiadó. Retrieved from: https://mersz.hu/hivatkozas/m26smny2_book1.Google Scholar
Siptár, P. & Törkenczy, M. (2000). The phonology of Hungarian. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strapparava, C. & Valitutti, A. (2004). WordNet-Affect: An affective extension of WordNet. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC) (pp. 1083–1086). Universidade Nova de Lisboa.Google Scholar
Szabó, M. K. (2015). Egy magyar nyelvű szentimentlexikon létrehozásának tapasztalatai és dilemmái [Experiences and dilemmas of the creation of a Hungarian sentiment lexicon]. In Gecső, T. & Sárdi, C. (Eds.), Nyelv, kultúra, társadalom: Segédkönyvek a nyelvészet tanulmányozásához 177 [Language, culture and society: Handbooks for the study of linguistics (p. 177)]. Tinta Könyvkiadó.Google Scholar
Szathmári, I. (1970). A hangszimbolikáról [On sound symbolism]. Néprajz és Nyelvtudomány, 14, 75–91.Google Scholar
Szathmári, I. (1980). A hangszimbolika a magyar népballadákban [Sound symbolism in Hungarian folk ballads]. In Ortutay, Gy. (Ed.), Népi kultúra—népi társadalom [Folk culture—Folk society] (pp. 299–331). Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Székely, Zs. (2015). A motiváció kérdése a nyelvészetben [Motivation in linguistics]. In Kádár, E. & Szilágyi, S. N. (Eds.), Motiváltság és nyelvi ikonicitás [Motivation and linguistic iconicity] (pp. 11–22). Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület.Google Scholar
Szili, K. (2015). Beszél vs. csacsog. Adalékok a motiváció egy sajátos fajtájához. In Kádár, E. & Szilágyi, S. N. (Eds.), Motiváltság és nyelvi ikonicitás [Motivation and linguistic iconicity] (pp. 58–67). Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület.Google Scholar
Tanz, C. (1971). Sound symbolism in words relating to proximity and distance. Language and Speech, 14(3), 266–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, I. K. & Taylor, M. M. (1965). Another look at phonetic symbolism. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 413–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, B., Perlman, M., Lupyan, G., Sevcikova Sehyr, Z., & Emmorey, K. (2020). A data-driven approach to the semantics of iconicity in American Sign Language and English. Language and Cognition, 12(1), 182–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1945a). The association of certain sounds with pleasant and unpleasant meaning. Psychological Review, 52, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1945b). On Orr’s hypotheses concerning the front and back vowels. The British Journal of Psychology, 36(1), 10–14.Google Scholar
Tsur, R. (2006). Size–sound symbolism revisited. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(6), 905–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ullrich, S., Kotz, S. A., Schmidtke, D. S., Aryani, A., & Conrad, M. (2016). Phonological iconicity electrifies: An ERP study on affective sound-to-meaning correspondences in German. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ultan, R. (1978). Size-sound symbolism. In Greenberg, J. (Ed.), Universals of human language. Volume II: Phonology (pp. 525–568). Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Vinson, D., Jones, M., Sidhu, D. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Santiago, J., & Vigliocco, G. (2021). Iconicity emerges and is maintained in spoken language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(11), 2293–2308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westbury, C., Hollis, G., Sidhu, D. M., & Pexman, P. M. (2018). Weighing up the evidence for sound symbolism: Distributional properties predict cue strength. Journal of Memory and Language, 99, 122–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whissell, C. (1999). Phonosymbolism and the emotional nature of sounds: evidence of the preferential use of particular phonemes in texts of differing emotional tone. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89(1), 19–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winter, B. & Perlman, M. (2021). Size sound symbolism in the English lexicon. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 6(1), 79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, B., Sóskuthy, M., Perlman, M., & Dingemanse, M. (2022). Trilled /r/ is associated with roughness, linking sound and touch across spoken languages. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodworth, N. L. (1991). Sound symbolism in proximal and distal forms. Linguistics, 29(2), 273–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, C. S. P., McBeath, M. K., & Glenberg, A. M. (2021). The gleam-glum effect:/i:/versus /λ/ phonemes generically carry emotional valence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 47(7), 1173–1185.Google ScholarPubMed
Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., & Inglehart, M. (1989). Feeling and facial efference: Implications of the vascular theory of emotion. Psychological Review, 96(3), 395–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed