Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T05:24:23.611Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A review and synthesis of user modelling in intelligent systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2009

André J. Kok
Affiliation:
University of Amsterdam, Department of Social Science Informatics, Herengracht 196, 1016 BS Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract

This paper gives a state-of-the-art overview of the rapidly expanding field of user modelling in artificially intelligent systems. After showing how a user modelling component can improve parts of the processing of, and the interaction with, a large number of systems, the current situation in this field is sketched by means of a number of short descriptions of systems employing user modelling techniques. Next, a synthesis of this review is made by discussing the aspects on which the existing methods differ. It turns out that these aspects can best be approached from two points of view: the technical level and a more abstract, functional level. This dichotomy results in eight dimensions on which to compare the modelling methods. The synthesis is then completed by describing the existing modelling techniques, and classifying the reviewed systems. In the final section, current trends in the field are outlined and prerequisites for acceptance of user modelling on a larger scale are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Referesnces

Allen, JF and Perrault, CR, 1980. “Analyzing intention in utterancesArtificial Intelligence 15(3) 143178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allgayer, J, Harbusch, K, Kobsa, A, Reddig, C, Reithinger, N and Schmauks, D, 1989. “XTRA: a natural-language access system to expert systemsInternational Journal of Man–Machine Studies 31 161195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allgayer, J, Jansen-Winkeln, R, Reddig, C and Reithinger, N, 1989. “Bidirectional use of knowledge in multi-modal NL access system XTRAProc. 11th International Joint Conferences On Artificial Intelligence, pp 14921497, Detroit.Google Scholar
Botman, AM, Kok, AJ and Siklóssy, L, 1987. “Using user models and automatic expertise acquisition in man–machine interaction” Proc. 7th International Workshop on Expert Systems and their Applications, pp 389398, Avignon.Google Scholar
Brajnik, G, Guida, G and Tasso, C, 1986. “An expert interface for effective man–machine interaction” In: Bolc, L and Jarke, M, eds., Cooperative Interfaces to Information Systems, pp 259308, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brajnik, G, Guida, G and Tasso, C, 1987. “User modelling in intelligent information retrievalInformation Processing and Management 23(4) 305320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brajnik, G, Guida, G and Tasso, C, 1988. “IR-NLI II: applying man–machine interaction and artificial intelligence concepts to information retrievalProc. llth International Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp 387400, Grenoble.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brajnik, G, Guida, G and Tasso, C, 1988b. User Modeling in Expert Man–Machine Interfaces: A Case Study in Intelligent Information Retrieval Technical Report UDMI/06/88/RT, University of Udine, Italy.Google Scholar
Breuker, J and Wielinga, B, 1987. “Use of models in the interpretation of verbal data” In: Kidd, AL, ed., Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems: A Practical Handbook, pp 1744, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breuker, J, Winkels, R and Sandberg, J, 1987. “A shell for intelligent help systemsProc. 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp 167173, Milan.Google Scholar
Carberry, S, 1989. “Plan recognition and its use in understanding dialog” In: Kobsa, A and Wahlster, W, eds., User Models in Dialog Systems, pp 133162, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbonell, JG, 1983. The Role of User Modelling in Natural Language Interface Design Technical Report, Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Chin, DN, 1989. “KNOME: modeling what the user knows in UC” In: Kobsa, A and Wahlster, W, eds., User Models in Dialog Systems, pp 74107, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clancey, WJ, 1985. “Heuristic classificationArtificial Intelligence 27 289350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clancey, WJ, 1986. “Qualitative student models” In: Traub, JF, ed., Annual Review of Computer Science, pp 381450, Annual Review Inc., Palo Alto, CA.Google Scholar
Croft, WB, Lucia, TJ and Cohen, PR, 1988. “Retrieving documents by plausible inference: a preliminary studyProc. llth International Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp 481494, Grenoble.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croft, WB and Thompson, RH, 1987. “I3R: a new approach to the design of document retrieval systemsJournal of the American Society for Information Science 38(6) 389404.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, PJ, 1986. “Cognitive models in information retrieval—an evaluative reviewJournal of Documentation 42(4) 272304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Greef, P, Breuker, J and de Jong, T, 1988. Modality: An Analysis of Functions, User Control and Communication in Knowledge-based Systems ESPRIT Project P1098, Deliverable D6 (task A4), University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Finin, T, 1988. “Default reasoning and stereotypes in user modellingInternational Journal of Expert Systems 1(2) 131158.Google Scholar
Finin, TW, 1989. “GUMS—a general user modeling shell” In: Kobsa, A and Wahlster, W, eds., User Models in Dialog Systems, pp 411430, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finin, T and Drager, D, 1986. “GUMS1 a general user modeling system” Proc. 1986 Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence pp 2430, Montreal.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, IP, 1982. “The genetic graph: a representation for the evolution of procedural knowledge” In: Sleeman, D and Brown, JS, eds., Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp 5177, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Guida, G and Tasso, C, 1982. “NLI: a robust interface for natural language person–machine communicationInternational Journal of Man–Machine Studies 17 417433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, PJ and Rosner, MA, 1976. “ULLY: a program for handling conversationsProc. 1976 AISB Summer Conference, pp 137147, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Hintikka, J, 1962. Knowledge and Belief Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschberg, J, 1986. “Anticipating false implicatures: cooperative responses in question-answering systems” In: Kerschberg, L, ed., Expert Database Systems Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co, Inc.Google Scholar
Hoeppner, W, Morik, K and Marburger, H, 1986. “Talking it over: the natural language dialog system HAM-ANS” In: Bole, L and Jarke, M, eds., Cooperative Interfaces to Information Systems, pp 189258, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, WL, 1986. Intention-Based Diagnosis of Novice Programming Errors. Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence Pitman.Google Scholar
Johnson, WL and Soloway, E, 1984. “Intention-based diagnosis of programming errors” Proc. National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp 162168, Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Johnson, WL and Soloway, E, 1985. “PROUST—an automatic debugger for Pascal programsBYTE 10(4) 179190.Google Scholar
Kaplan, SJ, 1982. “Cooperative responses from a portable natural language query systemArtificial Intelligence 19 165187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kass, R, 1987. The Role of User Modelling in Intelligent Tutoring Systems Technical Report MS-CIS-86–58, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Kass, R and Finin, T, 1988. “Modeling the user in natural language systemsComputational Linguistics 14(3) 522.Google Scholar
Kass, R and Finin, T, 1988b. “The need for user models in generating expert system explanationsInternational journal of Expert Systems 1(4) 345375.Google Scholar
Kay, J, 1990. “UM: a toolkit for user modelling” Second International Workshop on User Modeling Hawaii.Google Scholar
Kidd, AL, 1987. “Knowledge acquisition—an introductory framework” In: Kidd, AL, ed., Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems: A Practical Handbook, pp 116, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobsa, A, 1985. Benutzermodellierung in Dialogsystemen Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobsa, A, 1985b. “VIE-DPM: a user model in a natural language dialogue system” In: Laubsch, J, ed., GWAI-84, 8th German workshop on artificial intelligence Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kobsa, A, 1988. “A selected bibliography of the field of user modeling in artificial intelligence dialog systemsSIGART Newsletter 106 3137.Google Scholar
Kobsa, A, 1990. “User modeling in dialog systems: potentials and hazardsAI and Society 4 219231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobsa, A, 1990b. “Modelling the user's conceptual knowledge in BGP-MS, a user modeling shell systemComputational Intelligence 6(4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobsa, A and Wahlster, W, eds., 1989. User Models in Dialog Systems. Symbolic Computation Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kok, AJ and Botman, AM, 1988. “Retrieval based on user behaviour” Proc. llth International Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp 343358, Grenoble.Google Scholar
Matthews, MM and Biswas, G, 1985. “Raising user proficiency through active assistance: an intelligent editor” In: Weisbin, CR, ed., Artificial Intelligence Applications, pp 358362, North-Holland.Google Scholar
Maybury, MT, 1990. “Custom explanations: exploiting user models to plan multisentential text” Second International Workshop on User Modeling Hawaii.Google Scholar
McCauley, C, Stitt, CL and Segal, M, 1980. “Stereotyping: from prejudice to predictionPsychological Bulletin 87 195208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCoy, KF, 1985. “The role of perspective in responding to property misconceptions” Proc. 9th International Joint Conference On Artificial Intelligence, pp 791793, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
McCoy, KF, 1988. “Reasoning on a dynamically highlighted user model to respond to misconceptionsComputational Linguistics 14(3) 5263.Google Scholar
McCoy, KF, 1989. “Highlighting a user model to respond to misconceptions” In: Kobsa, A and Wahlster, W, eds., User Models in Dialog Systems, pp 233254, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, D, 1981. “Artificial intelligence meets natural stupidity” In: Haugeland, J, ed., Mind Design, 143160, The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Moore, RC, 1984. “A formal theory of knowledge and action” In: Hobbs, JR and Moore, RC, eds., Formal Theories of the Commonsense World, pp 319358, Ablex.Google Scholar
Morik, K, 1989. “User models and conversational settings: modeling the user's wants” In: Kobsa, A and Wahlster, W, eds., User Models in Dialog Systems, pp 364385, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motro, A, 1986. “Query generalization: a method for interpreting null answers” In: Kerschberg, L, ed., Expert Database Systems, pp 597616, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Inc.Google Scholar
Murray, DM, 1988. A Survey of User Cognitive Modelling Deliverable D1, Alvey Project MMI 110 NPL Report DITC 92/87, National Physical Laboratory, Middlesex, UK.Google Scholar
Nessen, E, 1989. “SC-UM: user modelling in the SINIX consultantApplied Artificial Intelligence 3 3344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, A, 1982. “The knowledge levelArtificial Intelligence 19(2) 87127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, E, 1979. “Building and exploiting user models” PhD thesis, Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, USA. Rich, E, 1979b. “Building and exploiting user models” Proc. 6th International Joint Conference On Artificial Intelligence, pp 720—722, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Rich, E, 1979c. “User modelling via stereotypesCognitive Science 3 329354.Google Scholar
Rich, E, 1989. “Stereotypes and user modelling” In: Kobsa, A and Wahlster, W, eds., User Models in Dialog Systems, pp 3551, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, E, 1983. “Users are individuals: individualizing user modelsInternational Journal of Man–Machine Studies 18 199214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivers, R.1989. “Embedded user models—where next?Interacting with Computers 1(1) 1430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salton, G, ed., 1971. The SMART Retrieval System—Experiments in Automatic Document Processing Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Salton, G and McGill, MJ, 1983. Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Sandberg, J, Breuker, J and Winkels, R, 1988. “Research on HELP-systems: empirical study and model construction” Proc. European Conference on Artificial Intelligence ECAI, pp 106111, Munich.Google Scholar
Siklóssy, L, 1979. “Passive vs. active question-answering” Proc. First International Symposium on Policy Analysis and Information Systems PAIS, pp 271276, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Sleeman, D, 1985. “UMFE: a user modelling front-end subsystemInternational Journal of Man–Machine Studies 23 7188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sleeman, D and Brown, JS, eds., 1982. Intelligent Tutoring Systems Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sridharan, NS, 1985. “User modelling and plan recognitionProc. 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp 13011302, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Swartout, B, 1985. “Explanation and the role of the user model: how much will it help?Proc. 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, p 1299, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Tang, HCY, Major, NP and Rivers, R, 1989. “From users to dialogues: enabling authors to build an adaptive, intelligent system” In: Sutcliffe, A and Macauley, L, eds., People and Computers V. Proceedings of the Conference of the British Computer Society, pp 121135, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, RH, 1989. “The design and implementation of an intelligent interface for information retrieval” PhD thesis, Computer and Information Science Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.Google Scholar
Thompson, RH and Croft, WB, 1989. “Support for browsing in an intelligent text retrieval systemInternational journal of Man–Machine Studies 30(6) 639668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Hahn, W and Wahlster, W, 1983. “HAM-ANS: a German language dialog system for knowledge-based access to relational data basesSIGART Newsletter 86 4142.Google Scholar
Wahlster, W, 1984. “Cooperative access systemsFuture Generation Computer Systems 1(2) 103111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlster, W and Kobsa, A, 1986. “Dialogue-based user modelsProc. IEEE 74(7) 948960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlster, W and Kobsa, A, 1989. “User models in dialog systems” In: Kobsa, A and Wahlster, W, eds., User Models in Dialog Systems, pp 434, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlster, W, Marburger, H, Jameson, A and Busemann, S, 1983. “Overanswering yes-no questions: extended responses in a NL interface to a vision system” Proc. 8th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp 643646, Karlsruhe.Google Scholar
Webber, BL, 1986. “Questions, answers and responses: interacting with knowledge-base systems” In: Brodie, ML and Mylopoulos, J eds., On Knowledge Base Management Systems, pp 365402, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webber, BL and Mays, E, 1983. “Varieties of user misconceptions: detection and correction” Proc. 8th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp 650652, Karlsruhe.Google Scholar
Wilensky, R and Arena, Y, 1984. “Talking to UNIX in English: an overview of UCCommunications of the ACM 27(7) 574593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar