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Taking the German Muse out of Music: The Chronicle and US Musical Opinion in World War I
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 April 2020
Abstract
The case of conductor Karl Muck and the Boston Symphony Orchestra during World War I is notorious for its combination of nationalist patriotism and opposition to international influence on US concert organizations. Although it seemed on the surface to be a spontaneous uprising against a foreign musician who refused to play “The Star-Spangled Banner,” the public outcry against Muck was part of a larger campaign orchestrated by a shadowy propaganda magazine named The Chronicle, published in New York from March 1917 to November 1918. This journal was marketed to the United States’ wealthy elite and was available to subscribers by invitation only. By strategic publication of fake news stories and xenophobic opinion pieces, editor Richard Fletcher spread fear and suspicion through the most rarefied strata of US society. The journal was instrumental in blacklisting suspicious arts organizations and fomenting prejudice against enemy aliens. This article examines for the first time the role of this magazine in the banning of German-language operas at the Met, the internment of Muck, and the near-elimination of German repertoire from US orchestral programs.
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- Research Article
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- Copyright © The Society for American Music 2020
References
References
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Library of Congress Copyright DivisionGoogle Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MDGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Investigation “Old German” FilesGoogle Scholar
Military Intelligence Division FilesGoogle Scholar
Yale University Manuscript & Archives LibraryGoogle Scholar
Edward Mandell House PapersGoogle Scholar
William Wiseman PapersGoogle Scholar
Chicago TribuneGoogle Scholar
The ChronicleGoogle Scholar
Musical CourierGoogle Scholar
New York HeraldGoogle Scholar
New York SunGoogle Scholar
New York TimesGoogle Scholar
New York TribuneGoogle Scholar
New York Evening WorldGoogle Scholar
Philadelphia InquirerGoogle Scholar
Pittsburgh PressGoogle Scholar
Wichita Daily EagleGoogle Scholar
“And Then Came the War.” The Chronicle 2, no. 3 (November 1917).Google Scholar
“Anti-German Music Ban, Mrs. Jay's Plan: Would Form Boycott League—Beethoven Concert Is off.” New York Herald, March 22, 1919.Google Scholar
Badal, James J. “The Strange Case of Dr. Karl Muck, Who Was Torpedoed by The Star-Spangled Banner during World War I.” High Fidelity 20 (October 1970): 55–60.Google Scholar
Bomberger, E. Douglas. Making Music American: 1917 and the Transformation of Culture. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowles, Edmund A. “Karl Muck and His Compatriots: German Conductors in America during World War I (And How They Coped).” American Music 25, no. 4 (Winter 2007): 405–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“British American War Relief Fund.” The New York Sun, January 30, 1916.Google Scholar
Broderick, Mosette. Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White—Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age. New York: Knopf, 2011.Google Scholar
“Brooklyn Audience Cordial to Muck: Crowded House Gives Conductor Ovation but His ‘Sacrifice’ is Hinted.” New York Herald, March 16, 1918.Google Scholar
Burrage, Melissa D.The Karl Muck Scandal: Classical Music and Xenophobia in World War I America. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Choate, Joseph H. “A Letter from Mr. Choate.” The Chronicle 1, no. 1 (March 1917).Google Scholar
“Chronicle Puts New One Over in the Magazine Field: Advertising to be Accepted by ‘Invitation Only for Sake of Democracy.’” Lima News, September 30, 1917.Google Scholar
Church, Lucy Claire. “Music, Morality, and the Great War: How World War I Molded American Musical Ethics.” PhD diss., Florida State University, 2015.Google Scholar
Collins, Mrs. George K. “The Dead and Deadly German Language.” The Chronicle 3, no. 6 (August 1918).Google Scholar
“A Crisis in Concerts.” The Chronicle 2, no. 6 (February 1918).Google Scholar
“Doktor Muck Must Go.” The Chronicle 3, no. 1 (March 1918).Google Scholar
“Doktor Muck Will Go.” The Chronicle 3, no. 2 (April 1918).Google Scholar
Donaghey, Frederick. “Matters of Music.” Chicago Tribune, October 13, 1918.Google Scholar
“Dr. Manning Joins Muck's Opponents: Trinity's Rector Enters Fight to Prevent Carnegie Hall Appearance—Tolerance Condemned—Says Presence of Prussian at Concert ‘Is Not Fitting nor Decent.’” New York Herald, March 13, 1918.Google Scholar
“Dr. Muck Bitter at Sailing: Former Orchestra Leader Says He Leaves Country without Regret.” New York Times, August 22, 1919.Google Scholar
“Dr. Muck Wins Ovation; Foes’ Campaign Fails: ‘Star Spangled Banner’ Stirs Big Audience to Enthusiastic Pitch.” New York Herald, March 15, 1918.Google Scholar
Faucett, Bill F.Music in Boston: Composers, Events, and Ideals, 1852–1918. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016.Google Scholar
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“Fight Begun to Block Irish Convention Here: Mrs. William Jay Declares Meeting Would Stir up Trouble for Britain.” New York Tribune, April 29, 1918.Google Scholar
Finnegan, John Patrick. Military Intelligence. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1998.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Richard. “America First and the German-Born.” The Chronicle 2, no. 2 (October 1917).Google Scholar
Fletcher, Richard. “Boston Symphony and Boston Discord.” The Chronicle 2, no. 3 (November 1917).Google Scholar
Fletcher, Richard. “Important Resumé.” The Chronicle 2, no. 3 (November 1917).Google Scholar
Fletcher, Richard. “U.S. Agents are Underpaid.” The Chronicle 3, no. 5 (July 1918).Google Scholar
“Fools Who Would Be ‘Broad’.” The Chronicle 2, no. 4 (December 1917).Google Scholar
Fulwider, Chad R.German Propaganda and U.S. Neutrality in World War I. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E.Sound Diplomacy: Music and Emotions in Transatlantic Relations, 1850–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.10.7208/chicago/9780226292175.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, James L.World War I and the Origins of U.S. Military Intelligence. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, Ann. Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.Google Scholar
“Halt German Opera at Metropolitan: Minority of Directors Understood to Oppose Giving Wagner's Works.” New York Times, November 2, 1917.Google Scholar
Henderson, W. J. “Rising Tide of Sentiment against German Music.” New York Sun, December 2, 1917.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Joseph. Moral Fire: Musical Portraits from America's Fin de Siècle. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jay, Mrs. William. “German Music and German Opera.” The Chronicle 2, no. 3 (November 1917).Google Scholar
Jay, Mrs. William. “An Open Letter to Otto H. Kahn, Esq.” The Chronicle 4, no. 3 (November 1918).Google Scholar
Kagan, Sheldon S. “Trial by Newspaper: The Strange Case of Dr. Karl Muck.” New Jersey Journal of Communication 1, no. 1 (1993): 50–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, Alan H. “The American Symphony Orchestra at War: German-American Musicians and Federal Authorities during World War I.” Mid-America 71 (1989): 5–13.Google Scholar
Lowens, Irving. “L'affaire Muck: A Study in War Hysteria (1917–1918).” Musicology 1, no. 3 (1947): 265–74.Google Scholar
Luebke, Frederick C.Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Maischak, Lars. German Merchants in the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, Marguerite Mooers. “Society's Magazine de Luxe Is Too ‘Commercialized’; Loses Managing Editor.” The [New York] Evening World, March 27, 1917.Google Scholar
“Mayor Asked to End German Song Festivals: Mrs. Jay, in Protest, Requests Hylan to Take a Definite Public Stand on Question of Teuton Music Here.” New York Tribune, April 26, 1919.Google Scholar
“Metropolitan Bars Operas in German: No Performances in Teutonic Language and German Singers’ Careers Here End.” New York Times, November 3, 1917.Google Scholar
Moffett, Cleveland. “There is Danger in German Music.” The Chronicle 4, no. 1 (September 1918).Google Scholar
Morgan, Benjamin M. “Editor Refuses to Change View of Hearst Papers.” New York Tribune, June 24, 1918.Google Scholar
“Mrs. Jay Quits: Announces She Will Lead No More Uprisings against German Art.” New York Times, July 3, 1919.Google Scholar
“Mrs. William Jay Dead of Apoplexy: Widow of Distinguished Lawyer—Founded Anti-German Music League in World War.” New York Times, January 30, 1931.Google Scholar
Muck, Peter. Karl Muck: Ein Dirigentenleben in Briefen und Dokumenten. Tutzing: Hans Schneider, 2003.Google Scholar
Mugmon, Matthew. “Patriotism, Art, and ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’ in World War I: A New Look at the Karl Muck Episode.” Journal of Musicological Research 33, nos. 1–3 (2014): 4–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Music and Musicians.” Wichita Daily Eagle, July 13, 1919.Google Scholar
“Periodical Notes.” The Publishers’ Weekly 91, no. 6 (February 10, 1917): 501.Google Scholar
Perry, Bliss. Life and Letters of Henry Lee Higginson. Boston: Atlantic Monthly, 1921.Google Scholar
“Quake Sufferers Monster Benefit: Brilliant Performance Arranged for Tomorrow at Broad Street Theatre.” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 7, 1909.Google Scholar
Robertson, Marta. “Ballad for Incarcerated Americans: Second Generation Japanese American Musicking in World War II Camps.” Journal of the Society for American Music 11, no. 3 (August 2017): 284–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Alex “The ‘Star-Spangled Banner’ Hysteria of 1917.” The New Yorker. Posted July 2, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/Google Scholar
Ross, Stewart Halsey. Propaganda for War: How the United States was Conditioned to Fight the Great War of 1914–1918. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland, 1996.Google Scholar
Sanders, Michael L. and Taylor, Philip M.. British Propaganda during the First World War, 1914–18. London: Macmillan, 1983.Google Scholar
“Seabright Residents, Led by Mrs. Jay, Organize against Disloyal Papers.” New York Tribune, June 24, 1918.Google Scholar
“Society is No Longer Frivolous, Its Magazine Declares: Smart Motif Now an Interest in Art, Humanity and National Issues, Says ‘The Chronicle,’ a New Monthly.” New York Tribune, March 6, 1917.Google Scholar
“Society Magazine Appears: ‘Chronicle’ Makes Bow with Article on Effect of War.” The [New York] Sun, March 6, 1917.Google Scholar
Spence, Richard B. “Englishmen in New York: The SIS American Station.” Intelligence & National Security 19, no. 3 (2004): 511–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Stransky Attacked as Karl Muck Was: Philharmonic Conductor Defended as Pro-Ally, and Society Takes No Action on Letter.” New York Times, April 2, 1918.Google Scholar
Tischler, Barbara. “One-Hundred Percent Americanism and Music in Boston During World War I.” American Music 4, no. 2 (Summer 1986): 164–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolzmann, Don Heinrich. The Cincinnati Germans after the Great War. New York: Peter Lang, 1987.Google Scholar
Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, ed. German-Americans in the World Wars. Munich: K. G. Saur, 1995–98.Google Scholar
Turk, Gayle K. “The Case of Dr. Karl Muck: Anti-German Hysteria and Enemy Alien Internment During World War I.” BA Thesis, Harvard University, 1994.Google Scholar
United Press. “It's Too Exclusive Even for Perusal by the Hoi Polloi.” Pittsburgh Press, August 8, 1917.Google Scholar
“War-Time Antagonism Halts Wagner Operas,” Musical Courier 75, no. 19 (November 8, 1917): 5.Google Scholar
Watkins, Glenn. Proof through the Night: Music and the Great War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Well-Filled House Greets Dr. Muck: Conducts at Matinee Concert—Mrs. Jay Gives Seats to Blind.” New York Herald, March 17, 1918.Google Scholar
Wilson, Woodrow. “President Woodrow Wilson's Proclamation of July 26, 1918, Denouncing Lynching.” Amistad Digital Resource, http://www.amistadresource.org/documents/document_07_06_030_wilson.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wittke, Carl. German-Americans and the World War (with Special Emphasis on Ohio's German-Language Press). Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1936.Google Scholar