² These concerns are documented in “Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities,” Open Access, Max-Planck Gesellschaft, 22 October 2003, http://oa.mpg.de/lang/en-uk/berlin-prozess/berliner-erklarung/.

³ See the history of Readex at http://www.readex.com/page/history-readex.

⁴ Readex supplies a list of these available resources at http://www.readex.com/content/americas-historical-newspapers.

⁵ GenealogyBank's historical newspapers can be accessed at http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/. This page also has a link to a list of the newspapers it holds organized by state of publication.

⁶ For more information on the World Newspaper Archive, see http://www.crl.edu/collaborative-digitization/world-newspaper-archive.

⁷ For a list of the historical newspapers made available by ProQuest, see http://www.proquest.com/en-US/catalogs/databases/detail/pq-hist-news.shtml.

⁸ For instance, the Detroit Free Press provides a “10 Article 24-hour Pass” for $11.95; a “one month 25 Article Pack” for $59.95; a “one month 10 Article Pack” for $24.95; a “one week 3 Article Pack” for $9.95; or a single document purchase for $3.95. The Chicago Tribune offers similar options, including an annual pass with access to 360 articles, a “power user” annual pass with access to 1,200 articles, as well as monthly, power-user monthly, weekly, twenty-four-hour, and single-article options.

⁹ James Mussell has contributed an insightful review of ProQuest Historical Newspapers to Reviews in History: Covering Books and Digital Resources across All Fields of History, 23 June 2011, http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1096.

¹⁰ See ProQuest's press release announcing the acquisition at http://www.proquest.com/en-US/aboutus/pressroom/13/20130311.shtml.

¹¹ See http://newspaperarchive.com/.

¹² The press release announcing the new database is fascinating in part for its explanation of “forward-looking statements,” such as the projected benefits to its subscribers and plans for growth of the database's content. See http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/11/ancestry.com-launches-new-web-site-newspapers.com/.

¹³ For the story of its origins, see the Paper of Record website https://paperofrecord.hypernet.ca/default.asp. For a list of its holdings, see https://paperofrecord.hypernet.ca/papers.asp.

¹⁴ See the discussion of this lack of access to newspapers once held by Paper of Record and responses from Google at http://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/news/2Bdyv-lk1RE.

¹⁵ Sources conflict as to whether the archive began in 2006 or 2008. A blog about the site from 2010 can be found at http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2010/03/browse-newspapers-in-google-news.html.

¹⁶ A list of available newspapers alphabetized by title can be found at http://news.google.com/newspapers.

¹⁷ See, for instance, Katherine Skinner and Emily Gore, “The MetaArchive Cooperative: Chronicles in Distributed Digital Preservation,” in “2010 Conference Proceedings from US Workshop on Roadmap for Digital Preservation Interoperability Framework, ACM Digital Library,” October 2011. Skinner and Gore assert that Chronicling America represents a “replicable archival model for digital newspaper preservation” that addresses the needs of cultural memory organizations to preserve their digital historical newspaper collections.

¹⁸ Information on NDNP is available at http://www.loc.gov/ndnp/.

¹⁹ For information on applying for a grant from the NDNP, see http://www.neh.gov/grants/preservation/national-digital-newspaper-program.

²⁰ For a description of the NDNP's selection criteria, see http://www.loc.gov/ndnp/guidelines/selection.html.

²¹ The content of Chronicling America is listed at http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/titles/.

²² See Wikipedia: List of online newspaper archives, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_online_newspaper_archives.

²³ The second tab from the left at the top of every Wikipedia article is marked “talk,” When readers clicks the tab with a mouse, they can read these discussions, which often inform the shape that an article takes.

²⁴ More information on the Digitized Public Library of America is available at its website: dp.la. The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University recently posted an article describing its role in the creation of the site. See http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/research/dpla.