Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T05:06:52.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Singing “Past, Present and Future”: Music in Early American Commemoration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2021

LAURA LOHMAN
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Constantly fearful about the fragility of the young republic in the decades following the Revolutionary War, Americans assiduously organized commemorative rituals. While historians have examined these commemorations, music's place in them has yet to be fully understood. By highlighting key themes in cross-regional, cross-racial discourse on commemoration and drawing on rich records preserved from Bennington, Vermont, this article exposes the varied purposes for which Americans used music in commemorations from the 1780s to the 1810s. In early postwar commemorations, Benningtonians used music to emphasize gratitude and virtue and educate local youth about proper behavior. As political rifts developed in the 1790s, community members also used music to articulate contemporary politics in terms of the revolutionary past and exhort their neighbors to take political action. To sustain these practices as new generations matured without firsthand experience of the war, locals used music to cultivate stronger ties to the battle. As Bennington illustrates, music provided a powerful means of shaping Americans’ perceptions of the past to urge them to action in the present for outcomes envisioned in the future, compellingly anchored in terms of gratitude, virtue, and memory.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Society for American Music , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , May 2021 , pp. 192 - 223
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Music

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

“Anthony Haswell.” Broadside, ca. 1815. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT.Google Scholar
“Broadside with thirteen printed songs in 6 columns.” Broadside. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT.Google Scholar
Harwood, Hiram, and Harwood, Benjamin. “Harwood Diaries,” 1805–1837. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT. https://archive.org/details/harwooddiaries.Google Scholar
Haswell, Anthony. “New Songs for the Celebration of the 16th of August, 1806.” Broadside. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT.Google Scholar
“Songs for the 4th of July and 16th of August.” Broadside. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT.Google Scholar
Adams, John Quincy. An Oration, Pronounced July 4th, 1793. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Edes, 1793.Google Scholar
Agresto, John T. “Liberty, Virtue, and Republicanism: 1776–1787.” Review of Politics 39, no. 4 (October 1977): 473–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso, 1991.Google Scholar
Arnold, Ben. “American Composers Respond: The Holocaust.” In Music and War in the United States, edited by Kraaz, Sarah Mahler, 276–90. New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Bechtold, Rebeccah. “A Revolutionary Soundscape: Musical Reform and the Science of Sound in Early America, 1760–1840.” Journal of the Early Republic 35, no. 3 (2015): 419–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedict, G. G. “The Part Taken by the Vermonters in the Battle of Bennington.” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association 5 (1905): 113–27.Google Scholar
Blauvelt, Martha Tomhave. “The Work of the Heart: Emotion in the 1805–35 Diary of Sarah Connell Ayer.” Journal of Social History 35, no. 3 (2002): 577–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradburn, Douglas. The Citizenship Revolution: Politics and the Creation of the American Union, 1774–1804. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Brown, Lois. “Memorial Narratives of African Women in Antebellum New England.” Legacy 20, no. 1 (2003): 38–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butterfield, L. H. “Elder John Leland: Jeffersonian Itinerant.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society (1952): 155–242.Google Scholar
Coburn, Frank Warren. A History of the Battle of Bennington Vermont. 2nd ed. Bennington, VT: Livingston Press, 1912.Google Scholar
Coker, Daniel. A Dialogue between a Virginian and an African Minister. Baltimore, MD: Edes, 1810.Google Scholar
The Columbian Songster, or Jovial Companion. [New York]: Greenleaf's Press, 1797.Google Scholar
The Complete Modern Songster, or Vocal Pocket Companion. Philadelphia, PA: Bartholomew Graves, 1806.Google Scholar
Cray, Robert E. Jr. “Commemorating the Prison Ship Dead: Revolutionary Memory and the Politics of Sepulture in the Early Republic, 1776–1808.” William and Mary Quarterly 56, no. 3 (July 1999): 565–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crist, Elizabeth B. “‘Ye Sons of Harmony’: Politics, Masculinity, and the Music of William Billings in Revolutionary Boston.” William and Mary Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2003): 333–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drozdzewski, Danielle, De Nardi, Sarah, and Waterton, Emma. Memory, Place and Identity: Commemoration and Remembrance of War and Conflict. New York: Routledge, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eastman, Carolyn. A Nation of Speechifiers: Making an American Public after the Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estes, Todd. The Jay Treaty Debate, Public Opinion, and the Evolution of Early American Political Culture. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Fauser, Annegret, and Figueroa, Michael A., eds. Performing Commemoration: Musical Reenactment and the Politics of Trauma. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freneau, Philip Morin, and Hiltner, Judith R.. The Newspaper Verse of Philip Freneau: An Edition and Bibliographical Survey. Troy, NY: Whitston, 1986.Google Scholar
Gabriel, Michael P. The Battle of Bennington: Soldiers and Civilians. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Glenn, Myra C. “Troubled Manhood in the Early Republic: The Life and Autobiography of Sailor Horace Lane.” Journal of the Early Republic 26, no. 1 (2006): 59–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Glenda. “American Identities in an Atlantic Musical World: Transhistorical Case Studies.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 2012.Google Scholar
Goodman, Glenda. “Musical Sleuthing in Early America.” Common-Place 13, no. 2 (2013). http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-13/no-02/goodman/.Google Scholar
Goodman, Glenda. “Transatlantic Contrafacta, Musical Formats, and the Creation of Political Culture in Revolutionary America.” Journal of the Society for American Music 11, no. 4 (2017): 392–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, Andrew Alexander. “Mediating Sociability: Musical Ideas of Sympathy, Sensibility, and Improvement in the Scottish Enlightenment.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2012.Google Scholar
Gronningsater, Sarah L. H. “‘Expressly Recognized by Our Election Laws’: Certificates of Freedom and the Multiple Fates of Black Citizenship in the Early Republic.” William and Mary Quarterly 75, no. 3 (July 2018): 465–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Matthew Rainbow. “‘Many Who Wandered in Darkness’: The Contest over American National Identity, 1795–1798.” Early American Studies 1, no. 1 (2003): 127–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Matthew Rainbow. “Regenerating the World: The French Revolution, Civic Festivals, and the Forging of Modern American Democracy, 1793–1795.” Journal of American History (2017): 891–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halloran, S. Michael. “Text and Experience in a Historical Pageant: Toward a Rhetoric of Spectacle.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 31, no. 4 (2001): 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin, Terri Diane. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Testing the Constitution. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Haswell, Anthony. An Oration, Delivered at Bennington, Vermont, August 16th, 1799. Bennington, VT: Haswell, 1799.Google Scholar
Haswell, Anthony. Republican Songs, Written for the Celebration of the 16th of August, 1809, in Bennington. Bennington, VT: Anthony Haswell, 1809.Google Scholar
Haswell, Anthony. Songs Written for the Celebration of the 16th August, 1810, Being the 33d Anniversary of Bennington Battle. Bennington, VT: Anthony Haswell, 1810.Google Scholar
Hicks, Philip. “Portia and Marcia: Female Political Identity and the Historical Imagination, 1770–1800.” William and Mary Quarterly 62, no. 2 (April 2005): 265–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillmann, Henning. “Localism and the Limits of Political Brokerage: Evidence from Revolutionary Vermont.” American Journal of Sociology 114, no. 2 (2008): 287–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, Isaac. Memorials of a Century: Embracing a Record of Individuals and Events, Chiefly in the Early History of Bennington, VT, and Its First Church. Boston, MA: Gould and Lincoln, 1869.Google Scholar
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language. 2nd ed. London: Strahan, 1755.Google Scholar
Kachun, Mitch. Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808–1915. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Kachun, Mitch. “From Forgotten Founder to Indispensable Icon: Crispus Attucks, Black Citizenship, and Collective Memory, 1770–1865.” Journal of the Early Republic 29, no. 2 (Summer 2009): 249–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Catherine O'Donnell. “‘We Have Joys . . . They Do Not Know’: Letters, Federalism, and Sentiment in the New Nation, 1790–1812.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1998.Google Scholar
Kernan, Thomas J. “The Civil War Memorialized.” In Music and War in the United States, edited by Kraaz, Sarah Mahler, 261–75. New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Kierner, Cynthia A. “Genteel Balls and Republican Parades: Gender and Early Southern Civic Rituals, 1677–1826.” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104, no. 2 (1996): 185–210.Google Scholar
Knott, Sarah. Sensibility and the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Kosiorek, Jeffrey Anthony. “Revolutionary Commemoration, Liberty, and Republicanism in Nineteenth-Century America.” PhD diss., University of Southern California, 2006.Google Scholar
Kraaz, Sarah Mahler, ed. Music and War in the United States. New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Leland, John. An Oration, Delivered at Bennington, August 16th, 1808. Bennington, VT: Haswell, 1808.Google Scholar
Lohman, Laura. Hail Columbia! American Music and Politics in the Early Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohman, Laura. “‘The Sovereign Right of Thinking’: Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts in Song.” In Protest in the Long Eighteenth Century, edited by Fuentes, Yvonne and Malin, Mark R., 27–50, New York: Routledge, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLane, Maureen. Balladeering, Minstrelsy, and the Making of British Romantic Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Morse, Jedidiah. A Discourse Delivered at the African Meeting-House, in Boston, July 14, 1808, in Grateful Celebration of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade. Boston, MA: Lincoln and Edmands, 1808.Google Scholar
Newman, Simon P. Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, J. Horatio. Jefferson and Liberty; or Celebration of the Fourth of March. A Patriotic Tragedy. A Picture of the Perfidy of Corrupt Administration. [Boston, MA]: Temple Street, 1801.Google Scholar
Pasley, Jeffrey L. “The Tyranny of Printers”: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001.Google Scholar
Pegley, Kip. “Looking for ‘Our Song’: Canadian Soldiers, Music and the Remembrance of War.” MUSICultures, 46, no. 1 (2019): 32–51.Google Scholar
The Philadelphia Songster, or, A Complete Vocal Pocket Companion. Philadelphia, PA: Bartholomew Graves, 1805.Google Scholar
Porter, Dorothy. Early Negro Writing, 1760–1837. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Purcell, Sarah J. Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Rachlin, Robert D. “The Sedition Act of 1798 and the East-West Political Divide in Vermont.” Vermont History 78 (2010): 123–50.Google Scholar
Radford, Tanya. “Visible Effects: Narrative Spectacle and Affective Response in the Late Eighteenth-Century Novel.” PhD diss., City University of New York, 2006.Google Scholar
Rush, Benjamin. “Observations on the Federal Procession, on the Fourth of July, 1788, in the City of Philadelphia.” American Museum 4 (1788): 75–78.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Barry. “The Social Context of Commemoration: A Study in Collective Memory.” Social Forces 61, no. 2 (December 1982): 374–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewall, Jonathan Mitchell. Miscellaneous Poems, with Several Specimens from the Author's Manuscript Version of the Poems of Ossian. Portsmouth, NH: William Treadwell, 1801.Google Scholar
Shalhope, Robert E. Bennington and the Green Mountain Boys: The Emergence of Liberal Democracy in Vermont, 1760–1850. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Shalhope, Robert E., Harwood, Hiram, and Harwood, Benjamin. A Tale of New England: The Diaries of Hiram Harwood, Vermont Farmer, 1810–1837. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Sidney, Joseph. An Oration Commemorative of the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the United States, Delivered before the Wilberforce Philanthropic Association in the City of New-York, on the Second of January, 1809. New York: J. Seymour, 1809.Google Scholar
Sievens, Mary Beth. “‘The Wicked Agency of Others’: Community, Law, and Marital Conflict in Vermont, 1790–1830.” Journal of the Early Republic 21, no. 1 (2001): 19–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sipkins, Henry. An Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade Delivered in the African Church in the City of New York, January 2, 1809. New York: John C. Totten, 1809.Google Scholar
Spargo, John. Anthony Haswell, Printer-Patriot-Balladeer: A Biographical Study with a Selection of His Ballads and an Annotated Bibliographical List of His Imprints. Rutland, VT: Tuttle Company, 1925.Google Scholar
Spicer, Richard C. “Popular Song for Public Celebration in Federal Portsmouth, New Hampshire.” Popular Music and Society 25, nos. 1–2 (2001): 1–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spires, Derrick R. The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, Caleb, and Stark, John. Memoir and Official Correspondence of Gen. John Stark. Concord, NH: G. P. Lyon, 1860.Google Scholar
Syfert, Scott. Eminent Charlotteans: Twelve Historical Profiles from North Carolina's Queen City. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2018.Google Scholar
Tise, Larry E. The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1998.Google Scholar
Travers, Len. Celebrating the Fourth: Independence Day and the Rites of Nationalism in the Early Republic. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Waldstreicher, David. In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Watt, Gavin. The British Campaign of 1777. Vol. 2, The Burgoyne Expedition: Burgoyne's Native and Loyalist Auxiliaries. Milton, ON: Global Heritage Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Weber, William. “The 1784 Handel Commemoration as Political Ritual.” Journal of British Studies 28, no. 1 (January 1989): 43–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, Brad. War, Memory, and Commemoration. New York: Routledge, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Gordon S. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Wood, Kirsten E. “‘Join with Heart and Soul and Voice’: Music, Harmony, and Politics in the Early American Republic.” American Historical Review 119, no. 4 (2014): 1083–1116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Anthony Haswell.” Broadside, ca. 1815. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT.Google Scholar
“Broadside with thirteen printed songs in 6 columns.” Broadside. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT.Google Scholar
Harwood, Hiram, and Harwood, Benjamin. “Harwood Diaries,” 1805–1837. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT. https://archive.org/details/harwooddiaries.Google Scholar
Haswell, Anthony. “New Songs for the Celebration of the 16th of August, 1806.” Broadside. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT.Google Scholar
“Songs for the 4th of July and 16th of August.” Broadside. Bennington Museum. Bennington, VT.Google Scholar
Adams, John Quincy. An Oration, Pronounced July 4th, 1793. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Edes, 1793.Google Scholar
Agresto, John T. “Liberty, Virtue, and Republicanism: 1776–1787.” Review of Politics 39, no. 4 (October 1977): 473–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso, 1991.Google Scholar
Arnold, Ben. “American Composers Respond: The Holocaust.” In Music and War in the United States, edited by Kraaz, Sarah Mahler, 276–90. New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Bechtold, Rebeccah. “A Revolutionary Soundscape: Musical Reform and the Science of Sound in Early America, 1760–1840.” Journal of the Early Republic 35, no. 3 (2015): 419–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedict, G. G. “The Part Taken by the Vermonters in the Battle of Bennington.” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association 5 (1905): 113–27.Google Scholar
Blauvelt, Martha Tomhave. “The Work of the Heart: Emotion in the 1805–35 Diary of Sarah Connell Ayer.” Journal of Social History 35, no. 3 (2002): 577–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradburn, Douglas. The Citizenship Revolution: Politics and the Creation of the American Union, 1774–1804. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Brown, Lois. “Memorial Narratives of African Women in Antebellum New England.” Legacy 20, no. 1 (2003): 38–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butterfield, L. H. “Elder John Leland: Jeffersonian Itinerant.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society (1952): 155–242.Google Scholar
Coburn, Frank Warren. A History of the Battle of Bennington Vermont. 2nd ed. Bennington, VT: Livingston Press, 1912.Google Scholar
Coker, Daniel. A Dialogue between a Virginian and an African Minister. Baltimore, MD: Edes, 1810.Google Scholar
The Columbian Songster, or Jovial Companion. [New York]: Greenleaf's Press, 1797.Google Scholar
The Complete Modern Songster, or Vocal Pocket Companion. Philadelphia, PA: Bartholomew Graves, 1806.Google Scholar
Cray, Robert E. Jr. “Commemorating the Prison Ship Dead: Revolutionary Memory and the Politics of Sepulture in the Early Republic, 1776–1808.” William and Mary Quarterly 56, no. 3 (July 1999): 565–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crist, Elizabeth B. “‘Ye Sons of Harmony’: Politics, Masculinity, and the Music of William Billings in Revolutionary Boston.” William and Mary Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2003): 333–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drozdzewski, Danielle, De Nardi, Sarah, and Waterton, Emma. Memory, Place and Identity: Commemoration and Remembrance of War and Conflict. New York: Routledge, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eastman, Carolyn. A Nation of Speechifiers: Making an American Public after the Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estes, Todd. The Jay Treaty Debate, Public Opinion, and the Evolution of Early American Political Culture. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Fauser, Annegret, and Figueroa, Michael A., eds. Performing Commemoration: Musical Reenactment and the Politics of Trauma. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freneau, Philip Morin, and Hiltner, Judith R.. The Newspaper Verse of Philip Freneau: An Edition and Bibliographical Survey. Troy, NY: Whitston, 1986.Google Scholar
Gabriel, Michael P. The Battle of Bennington: Soldiers and Civilians. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Glenn, Myra C. “Troubled Manhood in the Early Republic: The Life and Autobiography of Sailor Horace Lane.” Journal of the Early Republic 26, no. 1 (2006): 59–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Glenda. “American Identities in an Atlantic Musical World: Transhistorical Case Studies.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 2012.Google Scholar
Goodman, Glenda. “Musical Sleuthing in Early America.” Common-Place 13, no. 2 (2013). http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-13/no-02/goodman/.Google Scholar
Goodman, Glenda. “Transatlantic Contrafacta, Musical Formats, and the Creation of Political Culture in Revolutionary America.” Journal of the Society for American Music 11, no. 4 (2017): 392–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, Andrew Alexander. “Mediating Sociability: Musical Ideas of Sympathy, Sensibility, and Improvement in the Scottish Enlightenment.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2012.Google Scholar
Gronningsater, Sarah L. H. “‘Expressly Recognized by Our Election Laws’: Certificates of Freedom and the Multiple Fates of Black Citizenship in the Early Republic.” William and Mary Quarterly 75, no. 3 (July 2018): 465–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Matthew Rainbow. “‘Many Who Wandered in Darkness’: The Contest over American National Identity, 1795–1798.” Early American Studies 1, no. 1 (2003): 127–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Matthew Rainbow. “Regenerating the World: The French Revolution, Civic Festivals, and the Forging of Modern American Democracy, 1793–1795.” Journal of American History (2017): 891–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halloran, S. Michael. “Text and Experience in a Historical Pageant: Toward a Rhetoric of Spectacle.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 31, no. 4 (2001): 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin, Terri Diane. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Testing the Constitution. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Haswell, Anthony. An Oration, Delivered at Bennington, Vermont, August 16th, 1799. Bennington, VT: Haswell, 1799.Google Scholar
Haswell, Anthony. Republican Songs, Written for the Celebration of the 16th of August, 1809, in Bennington. Bennington, VT: Anthony Haswell, 1809.Google Scholar
Haswell, Anthony. Songs Written for the Celebration of the 16th August, 1810, Being the 33d Anniversary of Bennington Battle. Bennington, VT: Anthony Haswell, 1810.Google Scholar
Hicks, Philip. “Portia and Marcia: Female Political Identity and the Historical Imagination, 1770–1800.” William and Mary Quarterly 62, no. 2 (April 2005): 265–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillmann, Henning. “Localism and the Limits of Political Brokerage: Evidence from Revolutionary Vermont.” American Journal of Sociology 114, no. 2 (2008): 287–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, Isaac. Memorials of a Century: Embracing a Record of Individuals and Events, Chiefly in the Early History of Bennington, VT, and Its First Church. Boston, MA: Gould and Lincoln, 1869.Google Scholar
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language. 2nd ed. London: Strahan, 1755.Google Scholar
Kachun, Mitch. Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808–1915. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Kachun, Mitch. “From Forgotten Founder to Indispensable Icon: Crispus Attucks, Black Citizenship, and Collective Memory, 1770–1865.” Journal of the Early Republic 29, no. 2 (Summer 2009): 249–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Catherine O'Donnell. “‘We Have Joys . . . They Do Not Know’: Letters, Federalism, and Sentiment in the New Nation, 1790–1812.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1998.Google Scholar
Kernan, Thomas J. “The Civil War Memorialized.” In Music and War in the United States, edited by Kraaz, Sarah Mahler, 261–75. New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Kierner, Cynthia A. “Genteel Balls and Republican Parades: Gender and Early Southern Civic Rituals, 1677–1826.” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104, no. 2 (1996): 185–210.Google Scholar
Knott, Sarah. Sensibility and the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Kosiorek, Jeffrey Anthony. “Revolutionary Commemoration, Liberty, and Republicanism in Nineteenth-Century America.” PhD diss., University of Southern California, 2006.Google Scholar
Kraaz, Sarah Mahler, ed. Music and War in the United States. New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Leland, John. An Oration, Delivered at Bennington, August 16th, 1808. Bennington, VT: Haswell, 1808.Google Scholar
Lohman, Laura. Hail Columbia! American Music and Politics in the Early Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohman, Laura. “‘The Sovereign Right of Thinking’: Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts in Song.” In Protest in the Long Eighteenth Century, edited by Fuentes, Yvonne and Malin, Mark R., 27–50, New York: Routledge, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLane, Maureen. Balladeering, Minstrelsy, and the Making of British Romantic Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Morse, Jedidiah. A Discourse Delivered at the African Meeting-House, in Boston, July 14, 1808, in Grateful Celebration of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade. Boston, MA: Lincoln and Edmands, 1808.Google Scholar
Newman, Simon P. Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, J. Horatio. Jefferson and Liberty; or Celebration of the Fourth of March. A Patriotic Tragedy. A Picture of the Perfidy of Corrupt Administration. [Boston, MA]: Temple Street, 1801.Google Scholar
Pasley, Jeffrey L. “The Tyranny of Printers”: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001.Google Scholar
Pegley, Kip. “Looking for ‘Our Song’: Canadian Soldiers, Music and the Remembrance of War.” MUSICultures, 46, no. 1 (2019): 32–51.Google Scholar
The Philadelphia Songster, or, A Complete Vocal Pocket Companion. Philadelphia, PA: Bartholomew Graves, 1805.Google Scholar
Porter, Dorothy. Early Negro Writing, 1760–1837. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Purcell, Sarah J. Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Rachlin, Robert D. “The Sedition Act of 1798 and the East-West Political Divide in Vermont.” Vermont History 78 (2010): 123–50.Google Scholar
Radford, Tanya. “Visible Effects: Narrative Spectacle and Affective Response in the Late Eighteenth-Century Novel.” PhD diss., City University of New York, 2006.Google Scholar
Rush, Benjamin. “Observations on the Federal Procession, on the Fourth of July, 1788, in the City of Philadelphia.” American Museum 4 (1788): 75–78.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Barry. “The Social Context of Commemoration: A Study in Collective Memory.” Social Forces 61, no. 2 (December 1982): 374–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewall, Jonathan Mitchell. Miscellaneous Poems, with Several Specimens from the Author's Manuscript Version of the Poems of Ossian. Portsmouth, NH: William Treadwell, 1801.Google Scholar
Shalhope, Robert E. Bennington and the Green Mountain Boys: The Emergence of Liberal Democracy in Vermont, 1760–1850. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Shalhope, Robert E., Harwood, Hiram, and Harwood, Benjamin. A Tale of New England: The Diaries of Hiram Harwood, Vermont Farmer, 1810–1837. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Sidney, Joseph. An Oration Commemorative of the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the United States, Delivered before the Wilberforce Philanthropic Association in the City of New-York, on the Second of January, 1809. New York: J. Seymour, 1809.Google Scholar
Sievens, Mary Beth. “‘The Wicked Agency of Others’: Community, Law, and Marital Conflict in Vermont, 1790–1830.” Journal of the Early Republic 21, no. 1 (2001): 19–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sipkins, Henry. An Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade Delivered in the African Church in the City of New York, January 2, 1809. New York: John C. Totten, 1809.Google Scholar
Spargo, John. Anthony Haswell, Printer-Patriot-Balladeer: A Biographical Study with a Selection of His Ballads and an Annotated Bibliographical List of His Imprints. Rutland, VT: Tuttle Company, 1925.Google Scholar
Spicer, Richard C. “Popular Song for Public Celebration in Federal Portsmouth, New Hampshire.” Popular Music and Society 25, nos. 1–2 (2001): 1–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spires, Derrick R. The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, Caleb, and Stark, John. Memoir and Official Correspondence of Gen. John Stark. Concord, NH: G. P. Lyon, 1860.Google Scholar
Syfert, Scott. Eminent Charlotteans: Twelve Historical Profiles from North Carolina's Queen City. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2018.Google Scholar
Tise, Larry E. The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1998.Google Scholar
Travers, Len. Celebrating the Fourth: Independence Day and the Rites of Nationalism in the Early Republic. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Waldstreicher, David. In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Watt, Gavin. The British Campaign of 1777. Vol. 2, The Burgoyne Expedition: Burgoyne's Native and Loyalist Auxiliaries. Milton, ON: Global Heritage Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Weber, William. “The 1784 Handel Commemoration as Political Ritual.” Journal of British Studies 28, no. 1 (January 1989): 43–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, Brad. War, Memory, and Commemoration. New York: Routledge, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Gordon S. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Wood, Kirsten E. “‘Join with Heart and Soul and Voice’: Music, Harmony, and Politics in the Early American Republic.” American Historical Review 119, no. 4 (2014): 1083–1116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar