Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T05:18:28.538Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Fugs, the Lower East Side, and the Slum Aesthetic in 1960s Rock

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2014

PATRICK BURKE
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

During the mid-to-late 1960s, impoverished urban districts throughout the United States witnessed an influx of white middle-class youth who attempted to remake society and themselves against a backdrop of inner-city grit and decay. This article focuses on the Lower East Side of Manhattan to explore the significance of slumming in the creation and reception of 1960s rock. Lower East Side rock musicians drew little overt influence from their neighborhood's longstanding ethnic communities, which included eastern Europeans, Puerto Ricans, and African Americans. Rather, these musicians were fascinated with the concept of the “slum” itself as a more abstract signifier of authenticity, adventure, and nonconformity. I propose that a “slum aesthetic” emphasizing dirt, obscenity, and willful amateurism, exemplified by local band the Fugs, was crucial to the Lower East Side rock scene. Examining this “slum aesthetic” helps paint a more nuanced picture of both the political significance of rock and the connections between popular music and urban life. As the Lower East Side's musicians sought both radical social change and a large audience, they represented their neighborhood in ways that combined thoughtful engagement with broad caricature, a contradiction that inspired both musical creativity and social tension.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Society for American Music , Volume 8 , Issue 4 , November 2014 , pp. 538 - 566
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Music 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Fugs Archives, Fales Library and Special Collections, New York University Libraries:

“The Fugs!” Undated press release. MSS 13, box 1, folder 13.

“FUGS Guerilla Lovefare Squack Squad,” [1968?]. MSS 13, box 1, folder 13.

“Transatlantic News.” Transatlantic Records press release, n.d. MSS 13, box 1, folder 17.

Inventory of Clipping Files (Subjects), Music Division, The New York Public Library:

“The Fugs.” Undated press release in “The Fugs” file.

Ed Sanders Papers, Archives and Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut Libraries:

“Ed Sanders Wins Obscenity Case.” Undated press release. 17:439.

“An Evening with the Fugs!” Players Theatre program, Showcard 4/15 (August, n.d.). 17:432.

“Flash! Flash! Flash!” Draft of invitation to opening of the Peace Eye Book Store, 24 February 1965. 14:386.

“The Fugs!” Flyer (1965). 14:390.

Greenberg, Howard. Letter [to the Fugs], n.d. 11:296.

Krizer, Sheldon. Letter to Ed Sanders, 16 December 1968. 12:310.

LEMAR press release, 10 August 1965. 17:435.

[Poland], Jeff. Letter to Ed Sanders, [1964]. 12:339.

Sanders, Ed. “Ed Sanders Newsletter,” April 1966. 17:441.

John and Leni Sinclair Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan: Marilyn Lowen Fletcher, letter to John Sinclair, 16 January 1969. Folder 33, box 2.

Advertisement. East Village Other 1/10 (15 April–1 May 1966): 15.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 1/21 (1–15 October 1966): 24.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 1/24 (15 November–1 December 1966): 18.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 2/14 (15 June–1 July 1967): back cover.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 2/15 (1–15 July 1967): 11.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 3/45 (11 October 1968): 23.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 4/2 (13 December 1968): 16.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 4/4 (27 December 1968): 16.Google Scholar
Advertisement. Rat Subterranean News 1/18 (4–17 October 1968): 22.Google Scholar
Advertisement. Rat Subterranean News 1/26 (24–30 January 1969): 17.Google Scholar
“Anti-Hippies Disrupt Concert in Tompkins Sq. Park.” New York Times, 2 June 1967.Google Scholar
Austin, Curtis J.Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Baraka, Amiri [as LeRoi Jones]. Black Music. New York: William Morrow, 1967.Google Scholar
Baraka, Amiri. “Black People!” Evergreen Review 50 (December 1967): 49.Google Scholar
Barretta, Scott, ed. The Conscience of the Folk Revival: the Writings of Israel “Izzy” Young. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2013.Google Scholar
Bowart, Walter. “Fugs Fuzzbomb Fizzles.” East Village Other 1/19 (1–15 September 1966): 9.Google Scholar
Braunstein, Peter, and Doyle, Michael William. “Introduction: Historicizing the American Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s.” In Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and ’70s, ed. Braunstein, Peter and Doyle, Michael William, 5–14. New York: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Burke, Patrick. “Clamor of the Godz: Radical Incompetence in 1960s Rock.” American Music 29/1 (Spring 2011): 35–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, Patrick. “Tear Down the Walls: Jefferson Airplane, Race, and Revolutionary Rhetoric in 1960s Rock.” Popular Music 29/1 (January 2010): 61–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“A Cab-driver.” Letter to the editor. East Village Other 4/2 (13 December 1968): 2.Google Scholar
Carson, David A. Grit, Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock ’n’ Roll. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chester, Booby. “Community Breast—No Bust.” East Village Other 2/20 (1–15 September 1967): 18.Google Scholar
Clark, Alfred E. “City Hall Talks on Hippies Held.” New York Times, 3 June 1967.Google Scholar
Cohen, Martin. “The Fugs: Nextness is Godlier Than Cleanliness.” Avant-Garde 1 (January 1968): 50–55.Google Scholar
“Country Fugathon Set for October.” East Village Other 1/1 (October 1965): n.p.Google Scholar
Curtis, Charlotte. “The Affluent Set Invades the East Village.” New York Times, 29 November 1964.Google Scholar
Deutsche, Rosalyn. Evictions: Art and Spatial Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Doggett, Peter. There's a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of the ’60s. Edinburgh: Canongate, 2007.Google Scholar
Dowling, Robert M. Slumming in New York: From the Waterfront to Mythic Harlem. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.Google Scholar
“500 Hippies Stage a Protest March.” New York Times, 23 August 1967.Google Scholar
Freemond, Jules. “Ego: Pop, Rock and Jelly.” East Village Other 3/11 (16–22 February 1968): 11 and 21.Google Scholar
Freemond, Jules. “Ego: Pop, Rock and Jelly.” East Village Other 3/12 (23–29 February 1968): 9 and 14.Google Scholar
Freemond, Jules. “Pop Rock & Jelly,” East Village Other 3/18 (5–11 April 1968): 6.Google Scholar
Front cover. Life 62/7 (17 February 1967).Google Scholar
Gehr, Richard. “Tuli Kupferberg, 1923–2010: The Fine Art of Whittling It All Away to Nothing.” Village Voice Blogs, 13 July 2010. http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2010/07/tuli_kupferberg.php.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, Allen. Liner notes to The Fugs, The Fugs. ESP–Disk 1028, 1966.Google Scholar
Goddard, Jack. “Fug Rock from the Lower East Side.” Cavalier (June 1966): 33–35 and 82–84.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Richard. “Ed Sanders Meets the Unfathomable Groupie.” New York World Journal Tribune (4 December 1966): 44–45.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Richard. “The Theatre of Cruelty Comes to Second Avenue.” Village Voice (31 October 1968): 46–47.Google Scholar
Grafitti [sic], John. “Lower East Side Funk.” East Village Other 1/6 (15 February–1 March 1966): 9.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Robert. Review of the Fugs, Tenderness Junction. Rolling Stone 1/6 (24 February 1968): 20.Google Scholar
Grogan, Emmett. Ringolevio: A Life Played for Keeps. 1972. Reprint, New York: New York Review Books, 2008.Google Scholar
Gruen, John. The New Bohemia. 1966. Reprint, Chicago: A Cappella, 1990.Google Scholar
Hardwick, Elizabeth. “The Theater of Sentimentality.” New York Review of Books 7/10 (15 December 1966): 14.Google Scholar
Heap, Chad. Slumming: Sexual and Racial Encounters in American Nightlife, 1885–1940. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heskes, Irene. “Music as Social History: American Yiddish Theater Music, 1882–1920,” American Music 2/4 (Winter 1984): 73–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“A High Time Was Had by All: Tompkins Square Smoke-In.” East Village Other 2/18 (5–17 August 1967): 21.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Paul. “Hippies’ Hangout Draws Tourists.” New York Times, 5 June 1967.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Paul. “Hippies Heighten East Side Tensions.” New York Times, 3 June 1967.Google Scholar
Kane, Daniel. All Poets Welcome: The Lower East Side Poetry Scene in the 1960s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Katzman, Allan?]. “Editorial: Fillmore East vs. the Motherfuckers.” East Village Other 4/5 (3 January 1969): 2.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Other Editorial: Does an East Village Exist?” East Village Other 1/6 (15 February–1 March 1966): 2.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Poet Arrested on Obscenity.” East Village Other 1/5 (1–15 February 1966): 1 and 7.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Poor Paranoid's.” East Village Other 2/15 (1–15 July 1967): 15.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Poor Paranoid's.” East Village Other 2/18 (5–17 August 1967): 5.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Poor Paranoid's Almanac.” East Village Other 2/14 (15 June–1 July 1967): 7.Google Scholar
Kisseloff, Jeff. “Fond of the Fugs.” New York Post, 3 September 1989.Google Scholar
Kohn, Jaakov. “Conversation with Ed Sanders.” East Village Other 4/35 (30 July 1969): 14.Google Scholar
Kostelanetz, Richard. The Fillmore East: Recollections of Rock Theater. New York: Schirmer, 1995.Google Scholar
Koven, Seth. Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, Mark. “Festivals: Rock Imperialists Make Plans for Woodstock.” East Village Other 4/33 (16 July 1969): 8.Google Scholar
Kupferberg, Tuli. “Pacifist Primer.” Fuck You / A Magazine of the Arts 3 (June 1962): n.p.Google Scholar
Kupferberg, Tuli. “A Simple Statement on the War.” East Village Other 1/8 (15 March–1 April 1966): 2.Google Scholar
Kupferberg, Tuli. “6996th Psalm.” Fuck You / A Magazine of the Arts 3 (June 1962): n.p.Google Scholar
L.A.M.F., “Barracudas Know.” East Village Other 4/8 (31 January 1969): 2.Google Scholar
Leo, John. “Swinging in the East Village Has Its Ups and Downs.” New York Times, 15 July 1967.Google Scholar
Levin, Joanna. Bohemia in America, 1858–1920. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Meeks, Ashley. “Ken Weaver—The Fugs” (2005). http://www.furious.com/PERFECT/kenweaver.html.Google Scholar
Mele, Christopher. Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Meltz, Joel. “The Case of the Provo Beal Bust.” East Village Other 2/20 (1–15 September 1967): 6–7.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Lionel. “Look at Down Here” (1967) in Notes from the New Underground: An Anthology, ed. Kornbluth, Jesse, 224–31. New York: Viking, 1968.Google Scholar
Nelson, Paul. “The Motherfuckers: Fillmore East vs. the East Village: The Full Report.” Rolling Stone 27 (15 February 1969): 6, 8, and 10.Google Scholar
Neumann, Osha. Up Against the Wall Motherf**ker: A Memoir of the ’60s, with Notes for Next Time. New York: Seven Stories, 2008.Google Scholar
Newfield, Jack. “Electric Circus Opens: Hippies and New Frontier on ‘Desolation Row.’” Village Voice 12/38 (6 July 1967): 1.Google Scholar
O’Meara, Caroline Polk. “The Bush Tetras, ‘Too Many Creeps,’ and New York City.” American Music 25/2 (Summer 2007): 193–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Paris Burns Henry Returns.” Rat Subterranean News 1/8 (1–14 June 1968): 4.Google Scholar
“Party Will Turn On the Electric Circus.” New York Times, 11 June 1967.Google Scholar
Perry, Charles. The Haight-Ashbury: A History. New York: Wenner, 2005.Google Scholar
Pitchford, Ken. “Is Nonviolence Ever Justified?” Rat Subterranean News 1/24 (3–16 January 1969): 7.Google Scholar
Reaven, Marci, and Houck, Jeanne. “A History of Tompkins Square Park.” In From Urban Village to East Village: The Battle for New York's Lower East Side, ed. Abu-Lughod, Janet L.et al., 81–98. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.Google Scholar
“The Reclaiming Project.” Rat Subterranean News 1/24 (3–16 January 1969): 4.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, Shelly. Letter to the editor. East Village Other 2/1 (1–15 December 1966): 2.Google Scholar
Rubin, Ruth, ed. Jewish Folk Songs in Yiddish and English. New York: Oak Publications, 1965.Google Scholar
Rudnick, Bob, and Frawley, Dennis. “Kokaine Karma.” East Village Other 3/49 (8 November 1968): 15.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed. E-mail correspondence with the author, 12 July 2013.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed.Fug You: An Informal History of the Peace Eye Bookstore, the Fuck You Press, The Fugs, and Counterculture in the Lower East Side. [Boston]: Da Capo, 2011.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed. “The Fugs in the 1960s.” Liner notes to The Fugs, Don't Stop! Don't Stop! Fugs Records CD FUGSBOX9, 2008.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed. Liner notes to CD reissue The Fugs First Album. Fantasy CD FCD-9668–2, 1993.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed.Tales of Beatnik Glory. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 2004.Google Scholar
Sanders, Edward. 1968: A History in Verse. Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Schechter, Joel. Messiahs of 1933: How American Yiddish Theatre Survived Adversity Through Satire. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
“Screaming Girls Attack Fugs at Lower East Side Concert.” East Village Other 1/4 (January 1966): 3.Google Scholar
Seigel, Jerrold. Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics, and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life, 1830–1930. New York: Penguin, 1987.Google Scholar
Shank, Barry. Dissonant Identities: The Rock ’n’ Roll Scene in Austin, Texas. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Shelton, Robert. “Moby Grape Rocks with Procol Harum in Pair of Concerts.” New York Times, 12 February 1968.Google Scholar
Shelton, Robert. “Rock ’n’ Roll Group Sings Biting Satires.” New York Times, 13 June 1966.Google Scholar
Sinclair, John. Guitar Army: Rock and Revolution with MC5 and the White Panther Party. 1972. 35th Anniversary edition, Los Angeles: Process, 2007.Google Scholar
Sisario, Ben. “Rock ’n’ Roll Dissidents, Fearless for 4 Decades.” New York Times, 15 July 2003.Google Scholar
Stamberg, Margie. “Play in the Jungle.” Rat Subterranean News 1/2 (18 March 1968): 16.Google Scholar
Stamberg, Margie. “upagainstthewallmotherfucker.” Rat Subterranean News 1/4 (5–18 April 1968): 4.Google Scholar
Stickney, John. “Non-Toxic Psychedelia for Squares.” Life 63/6 (11 August 1967): 12.Google Scholar
Sukenick, Ronald. The Death of the Novel and Other Stories. New York: Dial, 1969.Google Scholar
Sukenick, Ronald. Down and In: Life in the Underground. New York: Beech Tree/William Morrow, 1987.Google Scholar
“The Talk of the Town.” Fuck You / A Magazine of the Arts 5/8 (February 1965): n.p.Google Scholar
Taylor, Steven. False Prophet: Fieldnotes from the Punk Underground. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Unterberger, Richie. Eight Miles High: Folk-Rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock. San Francisco: Backbeat, 2003.Google Scholar
Unterberger, Richie. Urban Spacemen and Wayfaring Strangers: Overlooked Innovators and Eccentric Visionaries of ’60s Rock. San Francisco: Miller Freeman, 2000.Google Scholar
Warner, Simon. “La banalité de la dégradation: Andy Warhol, le Velvet Underground et l’esthétique trash.” Volume! La revue des musiques populaires 9/1 (2012): 51–65.Google Scholar
Warner, Simon. Text and Drugs and Rock ’n’ Roll: The Beats and Rock Culture. London: Bloomsbury, 2013.Google Scholar
“We are a new people.” Rat Subterranean News 1/29 (14–20 February 1969): 8.Google Scholar
“The Weird Wiggy Wonderful World of the Fugs.” Freak Out, U.S.A. 1 (Fall 1967): 36.Google Scholar
Witts, Richard. The Velvet Underground. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Wolf, Reva. Andy Warhol, Poetry, and Gossip in the 1960s. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Yablonsky, Lewis. The Hippie Trip. New York: Pegasus, 1968.Google Scholar
Young, J. R. “Suspicions Confirmed!” Rolling Stone 62 (9 July 1970): 44.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Elmer. The Ten Commandments—Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Bacci Bros Records, 2012.Google Scholar
The Fugs. The Belle of Avenue A. Reprise RS 6359, 1969.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Don't Stop! Don't Stop! Fugs Records FUGSBOX 9, 2008.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Electromagnetic Steamboat: The Reprise Recordings. Rhino RHM 27759, 2001.Google Scholar
The Fugs. The Fugs. ESP–Disk 1028, 1966.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Golden Filth. Reprise RS 6396, 1970.Google Scholar
The Fugs. It Crawled into My Hand, Honest. Reprise RS 6305, 1968.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Tenderness Junction. Reprise RS 6280, 1968.Google Scholar
The Fugs. The Village Fugs Sing Ballads of Contemporary Protest, Point of Views, and General Dissatisfaction. Broadside BR 304, 1965.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Virgin Fugs. ESP–Disk 1038, 1967.Google Scholar
Robić, Ivo. “Morgen” (1959). In 1959–1960: 60 Originale Deutsche Schlager. Polydor 539–408–2, 1997.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 1/10 (15 April–1 May 1966): 15.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 1/21 (1–15 October 1966): 24.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 1/24 (15 November–1 December 1966): 18.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 2/14 (15 June–1 July 1967): back cover.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 2/15 (1–15 July 1967): 11.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 3/45 (11 October 1968): 23.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 4/2 (13 December 1968): 16.Google Scholar
Advertisement. East Village Other 4/4 (27 December 1968): 16.Google Scholar
Advertisement. Rat Subterranean News 1/18 (4–17 October 1968): 22.Google Scholar
Advertisement. Rat Subterranean News 1/26 (24–30 January 1969): 17.Google Scholar
“Anti-Hippies Disrupt Concert in Tompkins Sq. Park.” New York Times, 2 June 1967.Google Scholar
Austin, Curtis J.Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Baraka, Amiri [as LeRoi Jones]. Black Music. New York: William Morrow, 1967.Google Scholar
Baraka, Amiri. “Black People!” Evergreen Review 50 (December 1967): 49.Google Scholar
Barretta, Scott, ed. The Conscience of the Folk Revival: the Writings of Israel “Izzy” Young. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2013.Google Scholar
Bowart, Walter. “Fugs Fuzzbomb Fizzles.” East Village Other 1/19 (1–15 September 1966): 9.Google Scholar
Braunstein, Peter, and Doyle, Michael William. “Introduction: Historicizing the American Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s.” In Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and ’70s, ed. Braunstein, Peter and Doyle, Michael William, 5–14. New York: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Burke, Patrick. “Clamor of the Godz: Radical Incompetence in 1960s Rock.” American Music 29/1 (Spring 2011): 35–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, Patrick. “Tear Down the Walls: Jefferson Airplane, Race, and Revolutionary Rhetoric in 1960s Rock.” Popular Music 29/1 (January 2010): 61–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“A Cab-driver.” Letter to the editor. East Village Other 4/2 (13 December 1968): 2.Google Scholar
Carson, David A. Grit, Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock ’n’ Roll. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chester, Booby. “Community Breast—No Bust.” East Village Other 2/20 (1–15 September 1967): 18.Google Scholar
Clark, Alfred E. “City Hall Talks on Hippies Held.” New York Times, 3 June 1967.Google Scholar
Cohen, Martin. “The Fugs: Nextness is Godlier Than Cleanliness.” Avant-Garde 1 (January 1968): 50–55.Google Scholar
“Country Fugathon Set for October.” East Village Other 1/1 (October 1965): n.p.Google Scholar
Curtis, Charlotte. “The Affluent Set Invades the East Village.” New York Times, 29 November 1964.Google Scholar
Deutsche, Rosalyn. Evictions: Art and Spatial Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Doggett, Peter. There's a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of the ’60s. Edinburgh: Canongate, 2007.Google Scholar
Dowling, Robert M. Slumming in New York: From the Waterfront to Mythic Harlem. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.Google Scholar
“500 Hippies Stage a Protest March.” New York Times, 23 August 1967.Google Scholar
Freemond, Jules. “Ego: Pop, Rock and Jelly.” East Village Other 3/11 (16–22 February 1968): 11 and 21.Google Scholar
Freemond, Jules. “Ego: Pop, Rock and Jelly.” East Village Other 3/12 (23–29 February 1968): 9 and 14.Google Scholar
Freemond, Jules. “Pop Rock & Jelly,” East Village Other 3/18 (5–11 April 1968): 6.Google Scholar
Front cover. Life 62/7 (17 February 1967).Google Scholar
Gehr, Richard. “Tuli Kupferberg, 1923–2010: The Fine Art of Whittling It All Away to Nothing.” Village Voice Blogs, 13 July 2010. http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2010/07/tuli_kupferberg.php.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, Allen. Liner notes to The Fugs, The Fugs. ESP–Disk 1028, 1966.Google Scholar
Goddard, Jack. “Fug Rock from the Lower East Side.” Cavalier (June 1966): 33–35 and 82–84.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Richard. “Ed Sanders Meets the Unfathomable Groupie.” New York World Journal Tribune (4 December 1966): 44–45.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Richard. “The Theatre of Cruelty Comes to Second Avenue.” Village Voice (31 October 1968): 46–47.Google Scholar
Grafitti [sic], John. “Lower East Side Funk.” East Village Other 1/6 (15 February–1 March 1966): 9.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Robert. Review of the Fugs, Tenderness Junction. Rolling Stone 1/6 (24 February 1968): 20.Google Scholar
Grogan, Emmett. Ringolevio: A Life Played for Keeps. 1972. Reprint, New York: New York Review Books, 2008.Google Scholar
Gruen, John. The New Bohemia. 1966. Reprint, Chicago: A Cappella, 1990.Google Scholar
Hardwick, Elizabeth. “The Theater of Sentimentality.” New York Review of Books 7/10 (15 December 1966): 14.Google Scholar
Heap, Chad. Slumming: Sexual and Racial Encounters in American Nightlife, 1885–1940. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heskes, Irene. “Music as Social History: American Yiddish Theater Music, 1882–1920,” American Music 2/4 (Winter 1984): 73–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“A High Time Was Had by All: Tompkins Square Smoke-In.” East Village Other 2/18 (5–17 August 1967): 21.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Paul. “Hippies’ Hangout Draws Tourists.” New York Times, 5 June 1967.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Paul. “Hippies Heighten East Side Tensions.” New York Times, 3 June 1967.Google Scholar
Kane, Daniel. All Poets Welcome: The Lower East Side Poetry Scene in the 1960s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Katzman, Allan?]. “Editorial: Fillmore East vs. the Motherfuckers.” East Village Other 4/5 (3 January 1969): 2.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Other Editorial: Does an East Village Exist?” East Village Other 1/6 (15 February–1 March 1966): 2.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Poet Arrested on Obscenity.” East Village Other 1/5 (1–15 February 1966): 1 and 7.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Poor Paranoid's.” East Village Other 2/15 (1–15 July 1967): 15.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Poor Paranoid's.” East Village Other 2/18 (5–17 August 1967): 5.Google Scholar
Katzman, Allan. “Poor Paranoid's Almanac.” East Village Other 2/14 (15 June–1 July 1967): 7.Google Scholar
Kisseloff, Jeff. “Fond of the Fugs.” New York Post, 3 September 1989.Google Scholar
Kohn, Jaakov. “Conversation with Ed Sanders.” East Village Other 4/35 (30 July 1969): 14.Google Scholar
Kostelanetz, Richard. The Fillmore East: Recollections of Rock Theater. New York: Schirmer, 1995.Google Scholar
Koven, Seth. Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, Mark. “Festivals: Rock Imperialists Make Plans for Woodstock.” East Village Other 4/33 (16 July 1969): 8.Google Scholar
Kupferberg, Tuli. “Pacifist Primer.” Fuck You / A Magazine of the Arts 3 (June 1962): n.p.Google Scholar
Kupferberg, Tuli. “A Simple Statement on the War.” East Village Other 1/8 (15 March–1 April 1966): 2.Google Scholar
Kupferberg, Tuli. “6996th Psalm.” Fuck You / A Magazine of the Arts 3 (June 1962): n.p.Google Scholar
L.A.M.F., “Barracudas Know.” East Village Other 4/8 (31 January 1969): 2.Google Scholar
Leo, John. “Swinging in the East Village Has Its Ups and Downs.” New York Times, 15 July 1967.Google Scholar
Levin, Joanna. Bohemia in America, 1858–1920. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Meeks, Ashley. “Ken Weaver—The Fugs” (2005). http://www.furious.com/PERFECT/kenweaver.html.Google Scholar
Mele, Christopher. Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Meltz, Joel. “The Case of the Provo Beal Bust.” East Village Other 2/20 (1–15 September 1967): 6–7.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Lionel. “Look at Down Here” (1967) in Notes from the New Underground: An Anthology, ed. Kornbluth, Jesse, 224–31. New York: Viking, 1968.Google Scholar
Nelson, Paul. “The Motherfuckers: Fillmore East vs. the East Village: The Full Report.” Rolling Stone 27 (15 February 1969): 6, 8, and 10.Google Scholar
Neumann, Osha. Up Against the Wall Motherf**ker: A Memoir of the ’60s, with Notes for Next Time. New York: Seven Stories, 2008.Google Scholar
Newfield, Jack. “Electric Circus Opens: Hippies and New Frontier on ‘Desolation Row.’” Village Voice 12/38 (6 July 1967): 1.Google Scholar
O’Meara, Caroline Polk. “The Bush Tetras, ‘Too Many Creeps,’ and New York City.” American Music 25/2 (Summer 2007): 193–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Paris Burns Henry Returns.” Rat Subterranean News 1/8 (1–14 June 1968): 4.Google Scholar
“Party Will Turn On the Electric Circus.” New York Times, 11 June 1967.Google Scholar
Perry, Charles. The Haight-Ashbury: A History. New York: Wenner, 2005.Google Scholar
Pitchford, Ken. “Is Nonviolence Ever Justified?” Rat Subterranean News 1/24 (3–16 January 1969): 7.Google Scholar
Reaven, Marci, and Houck, Jeanne. “A History of Tompkins Square Park.” In From Urban Village to East Village: The Battle for New York's Lower East Side, ed. Abu-Lughod, Janet L.et al., 81–98. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.Google Scholar
“The Reclaiming Project.” Rat Subterranean News 1/24 (3–16 January 1969): 4.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, Shelly. Letter to the editor. East Village Other 2/1 (1–15 December 1966): 2.Google Scholar
Rubin, Ruth, ed. Jewish Folk Songs in Yiddish and English. New York: Oak Publications, 1965.Google Scholar
Rudnick, Bob, and Frawley, Dennis. “Kokaine Karma.” East Village Other 3/49 (8 November 1968): 15.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed. E-mail correspondence with the author, 12 July 2013.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed.Fug You: An Informal History of the Peace Eye Bookstore, the Fuck You Press, The Fugs, and Counterculture in the Lower East Side. [Boston]: Da Capo, 2011.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed. “The Fugs in the 1960s.” Liner notes to The Fugs, Don't Stop! Don't Stop! Fugs Records CD FUGSBOX9, 2008.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed. Liner notes to CD reissue The Fugs First Album. Fantasy CD FCD-9668–2, 1993.Google Scholar
Sanders, Ed.Tales of Beatnik Glory. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 2004.Google Scholar
Sanders, Edward. 1968: A History in Verse. Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Schechter, Joel. Messiahs of 1933: How American Yiddish Theatre Survived Adversity Through Satire. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
“Screaming Girls Attack Fugs at Lower East Side Concert.” East Village Other 1/4 (January 1966): 3.Google Scholar
Seigel, Jerrold. Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics, and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life, 1830–1930. New York: Penguin, 1987.Google Scholar
Shank, Barry. Dissonant Identities: The Rock ’n’ Roll Scene in Austin, Texas. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Shelton, Robert. “Moby Grape Rocks with Procol Harum in Pair of Concerts.” New York Times, 12 February 1968.Google Scholar
Shelton, Robert. “Rock ’n’ Roll Group Sings Biting Satires.” New York Times, 13 June 1966.Google Scholar
Sinclair, John. Guitar Army: Rock and Revolution with MC5 and the White Panther Party. 1972. 35th Anniversary edition, Los Angeles: Process, 2007.Google Scholar
Sisario, Ben. “Rock ’n’ Roll Dissidents, Fearless for 4 Decades.” New York Times, 15 July 2003.Google Scholar
Stamberg, Margie. “Play in the Jungle.” Rat Subterranean News 1/2 (18 March 1968): 16.Google Scholar
Stamberg, Margie. “upagainstthewallmotherfucker.” Rat Subterranean News 1/4 (5–18 April 1968): 4.Google Scholar
Stickney, John. “Non-Toxic Psychedelia for Squares.” Life 63/6 (11 August 1967): 12.Google Scholar
Sukenick, Ronald. The Death of the Novel and Other Stories. New York: Dial, 1969.Google Scholar
Sukenick, Ronald. Down and In: Life in the Underground. New York: Beech Tree/William Morrow, 1987.Google Scholar
“The Talk of the Town.” Fuck You / A Magazine of the Arts 5/8 (February 1965): n.p.Google Scholar
Taylor, Steven. False Prophet: Fieldnotes from the Punk Underground. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Unterberger, Richie. Eight Miles High: Folk-Rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock. San Francisco: Backbeat, 2003.Google Scholar
Unterberger, Richie. Urban Spacemen and Wayfaring Strangers: Overlooked Innovators and Eccentric Visionaries of ’60s Rock. San Francisco: Miller Freeman, 2000.Google Scholar
Warner, Simon. “La banalité de la dégradation: Andy Warhol, le Velvet Underground et l’esthétique trash.” Volume! La revue des musiques populaires 9/1 (2012): 51–65.Google Scholar
Warner, Simon. Text and Drugs and Rock ’n’ Roll: The Beats and Rock Culture. London: Bloomsbury, 2013.Google Scholar
“We are a new people.” Rat Subterranean News 1/29 (14–20 February 1969): 8.Google Scholar
“The Weird Wiggy Wonderful World of the Fugs.” Freak Out, U.S.A. 1 (Fall 1967): 36.Google Scholar
Witts, Richard. The Velvet Underground. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Wolf, Reva. Andy Warhol, Poetry, and Gossip in the 1960s. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Yablonsky, Lewis. The Hippie Trip. New York: Pegasus, 1968.Google Scholar
Young, J. R. “Suspicions Confirmed!” Rolling Stone 62 (9 July 1970): 44.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Elmer. The Ten Commandments—Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Bacci Bros Records, 2012.Google Scholar
The Fugs. The Belle of Avenue A. Reprise RS 6359, 1969.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Don't Stop! Don't Stop! Fugs Records FUGSBOX 9, 2008.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Electromagnetic Steamboat: The Reprise Recordings. Rhino RHM 27759, 2001.Google Scholar
The Fugs. The Fugs. ESP–Disk 1028, 1966.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Golden Filth. Reprise RS 6396, 1970.Google Scholar
The Fugs. It Crawled into My Hand, Honest. Reprise RS 6305, 1968.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Tenderness Junction. Reprise RS 6280, 1968.Google Scholar
The Fugs. The Village Fugs Sing Ballads of Contemporary Protest, Point of Views, and General Dissatisfaction. Broadside BR 304, 1965.Google Scholar
The Fugs. Virgin Fugs. ESP–Disk 1038, 1967.Google Scholar
Robić, Ivo. “Morgen” (1959). In 1959–1960: 60 Originale Deutsche Schlager. Polydor 539–408–2, 1997.Google Scholar