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Cultural Diplomacy as Cultural Globalization: The University of Michigan Jazz Band in Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2010

DANIELLE FOSLER-LUSSIER
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Abstract

From January to May 1965 the University of Michigan Jazz Band traveled extensively in Latin America for the State Department's Cultural Presentations Program. This tour serves as a case study through which we can see the far-reaching effects of cultural diplomacy. The State Department initially envisioned its cultural and informational programs as one-way communication that brought ideas from the United States to new places; yet the tours changed not only audiences, but also the musicians themselves and even the communities to which the musicians returned. Both archival and oral history evidence indicate that the Michigan jazz band's tour succeeded in building vital imagined connections across international borders. The nature of these connections demonstrates that the cold war practice of pushing culture across borders for political purposes furthered cultural globalization—even though the latter process is often regarded by scholars as a phenomenon that began only after the end of the cold war. The jazz band's tour highlights the essential role of music and musicians in fostering new transnational sensibilities in the politicized context of the cold war.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Society for American Music , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , February 2010 , pp. 59 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Music 2010

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References

References

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Balliache, Simón. Jazz en Venezuela. Caracas: Grupo Editorial Ballgrub, 1997.Google Scholar
Carey, Joseph Kuhn. Big Noise from Notre Dame: A History of the Collegiate Jazz Festival. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Castillo, Greg. “Domesticating the Cold War: Household Consumption as Propaganda in Marshall Plan Germany.” Journal of Contemporary History 40/2 (April 2005): 261–88.Google Scholar
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Kumar, V. Shiv. US Interventionism in Latin America: Dominican Crisis and the OAS. New York: Advent Books, 1987.Google Scholar
Lehmann, Jennifer M., and Dahms, Harry F., eds. Globalization between the Cold War and Neo-Imperialism. Current Perspectives in Social Theory, vol. 24. Oxford: Elsevier, 2006.Google Scholar
Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. “Jazz Goes to College: Has Academic Status Served the Art?” Popular Music and Society 22/2 (1998): 117–24.Google Scholar
McDaniel, William T. “The Status of Jazz Education in the 1990s: A Historical Commentary.” International Jazz Archives Journal 1/1 (1993): 114–39.Google Scholar
McPherson, Alan. Yankee No! Anti-Americanism in U.S.-Latin American Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Monson, Ingrid. Freedom Sounds: Civil Rights Call Out to Jazz and Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Muñoz, Vélez, Enrique, Luis. Jazz en Colombia: Desde los alegres años 20 hasta nuestros días. Barranquilla, Colombia: Fundación Cultural Nueva Música, 2007.Google Scholar
“N.U. Declines Offer to Send Band on Tour.” Chicago Tribune, 13 November 1964, A8.Google Scholar
Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.Google Scholar
Osgood, Kenneth. Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006.Google Scholar
Osgood, Kenneth. “Words and Deeds: Race, Colonialism, and Eisenhower's Propaganda War in the Third World.” In Statler, Kathryn C. and Johns, Andrew L., eds., The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War, 3–25. London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.Google Scholar
Poiger, Uta G. Jazz, Rock and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Richmond, Yale. Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Richmond, Yale. Practicing Public Diplomacy: A Cold War Odyssey. New York: Berghahn Books, 2008.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M. D. “Collegian Real Power in Politics of Latins.” Washington Post, 2 July 1961, E1.Google Scholar
Schmelz, Peter. Such Freedom, If Only Musical: Unofficial Soviet Music during the Thaw. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Scott, Wayne. “Jazz Goes to College.” Music Journal 20/6 (September 1962): 28, 98–100.Google Scholar
Smith, Tony. “New Bottles for Old Wine: A Pericentric Framework for the Study of the Cold War.” Diplomatic History 24/4 (Fall 2000): 567–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starr, S. Frederick. Red and Hot: The Fate of Jazz in the Soviet Union, 1917–1980. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Szulc, Tad. Dominican Diary. New York: Delacorte Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, John. Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction. New York: Continuum, 2002.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, John. Globalization and Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Tsing, Anna. “The Global Situation.” Cultural Anthropology 15/3 (2000): 327–60.Google Scholar
“U.S. Band's Latin Concert Off.” New York Times, 7 April 1965, 4.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. The Educational and Cultural Exchange Program: 24th Semiannual Report to Congress, July 1–December 31, 1959, Department of State Publication 7053, International Information and Cultural Series 74. Released September 1960.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. Educational and Cultural Diplomacy, 1960. Department of State Publication 7259, International Information and Cultural Series 79. Released October 1961.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. Educational and Cultural Diplomacy, 1961. Department of State Publication 7437, International Information and Cultural Series 82. Released October 1962.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. IIA: The International Information Administration Program. Department of State Publication 4939, International Information and Cultural Series 32. Released April 1953.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. Strengthening Cultural Bonds between Nations . . . through the Performing Arts. A Report on the Cultural Presentations Program of the Department of State, July 1, 1964–June 30, 1965. Department of State Publication 8038, International Information and Cultural Series 90. Released June 1966.Google Scholar
“U.S. Steps into the Dominican Crossfire.” Life 58/18 (14 May 1965): 85–88.Google Scholar
Von Eschen, Penny M. Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Austin, Lanny, 12 June 2006Google Scholar
Boerner, Michael, 27 February 2009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, Richard, 10 April 2006Google Scholar
England, Wilbur, 15 June 2006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, Bruce, 18 July 2006Google Scholar
Garrels, Dennis, 14 June 2006Google Scholar
Herhold, Brent, 13 June 2006Google Scholar
Mallare, Joe, 14 June 2006Google Scholar
McGregor, Rob Roy, 12 June 2006Google Scholar
Miller, John, 11 June 2006Google Scholar
Post, Ron, 1 July 2006Google Scholar
Socolow, Susan Migden, 15 January 2008Google Scholar
Suber, Charles, 25 April 2008Google Scholar
Lanny AustinGoogle Scholar
Bruce FisherGoogle Scholar
Joe MallareGoogle Scholar
Rob Roy McGregorGoogle Scholar
University of Arkansas Library, Fayetteville, Arkansas. Department of Special Collections. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Historical Collection, MC 468.Google Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency, FOIA Electronic Reading Room, http://www.foia.cia.gov/Google Scholar
Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kansas. White House Office, National Security Staff Papers, Operations Coordinating Board (OCB) Central File Series.Google Scholar
Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Albert Wheeler Papers; Richard Crawford Papers; School of Music (University of Michigan) Records; School of Music (University of Michigan) Publications.Google Scholar
Archives of the University of Notre Dame, http://archives.nd.edu/ndcjf/Google Scholar
Allen, Walter R. “Black Students in U.S. Higher Education: Toward Improved Access, Adjustment, and Achievement.” Urban Review 20/3 (1988): 165–88.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.Google Scholar
Ansari, Emily Abrams. “‘Masters of the President's Music’: Cold War Composers and the United States Government.” Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2009.Google Scholar
Arndt, Richard T. The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Bacevich, Andrew J. American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Balliache, Simón. Jazz en Venezuela. Caracas: Grupo Editorial Ballgrub, 1997.Google Scholar
Carey, Joseph Kuhn. Big Noise from Notre Dame: A History of the Collegiate Jazz Festival. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Castillo, Greg. “Domesticating the Cold War: Household Consumption as Propaganda in Marshall Plan Germany.” Journal of Contemporary History 40/2 (April 2005): 261–88.Google Scholar
Crawford, Richard. The American Musical Landscape: The Business of Musicianship from Billings to Gershwin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, 2000.Google Scholar
Crawford, Richard. America's Musical Life: A History. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001.Google Scholar
Cull, Nicholas J. The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Cull, Nicholas J. “Public Diplomacy before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase.” University of Southern California School of Public Diplomacy Blog. http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/newsroom/pdblog_detail/060418_public_diplomacy_before_gullion_the_evolution_of_a_phrase/ (posted 18 April 2006).Google Scholar
Deibert, Michael. Notes from the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Draper, Theodore. The Dominican Revolt: A Case Study in American Policy. New York: Commentary, 1968.Google Scholar
Eckes, Alfred E. Jr., and Zeiler, Thomas W., Globalization and the American Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
“Evacuees Arrive, Tell of Terror.” New York Times, 29 April 1965, 14.Google Scholar
Feldman, Harry Allen. “Jazz: A Place in Music Education?” Music Educators Journal 50/6 (June–July 1964): 60, 62–64.Google Scholar
Fosler-Lussier, Danielle. “American Cultural Diplomacy and the Mediation of Avant-garde Music.” In Sound Commitments: Avant-garde Music and the Sixties, ed. Adlington, Robert, 232–53. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Fosler-Lussier, Danielle. Music Divided: Bartók's Legacy in Cold War Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Friedman, Thomas L. The Lexus and the Olive Tree. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.Google Scholar
Gienow-Hecht, Jessica. “Cultural Transfer.” In Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 2nd ed., ed. Hogan, Michael J. and Paterson, Thomas G., 257–78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Gienow-Hecht, Jessica. “Shame on US? Academics, Cultural Transfer, and the Cold War—A Critical Review.” Diplomatic History 24/3 (Summer 2000): 465–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, Lawrence M. United States Army Unilateral and Coalition Operations in the 1965 Dominican Republic Intervention. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, Analysis Branch, [1986].Google Scholar
Hixson, Walter. Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Kuisel, Richard. “Americanization for Historians,” Diplomatic History 24/3 (Summer 2000): 509–15.Google Scholar
Kumar, V. Shiv. US Interventionism in Latin America: Dominican Crisis and the OAS. New York: Advent Books, 1987.Google Scholar
Lehmann, Jennifer M., and Dahms, Harry F., eds. Globalization between the Cold War and Neo-Imperialism. Current Perspectives in Social Theory, vol. 24. Oxford: Elsevier, 2006.Google Scholar
Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. “Jazz Goes to College: Has Academic Status Served the Art?” Popular Music and Society 22/2 (1998): 117–24.Google Scholar
McDaniel, William T. “The Status of Jazz Education in the 1990s: A Historical Commentary.” International Jazz Archives Journal 1/1 (1993): 114–39.Google Scholar
McPherson, Alan. Yankee No! Anti-Americanism in U.S.-Latin American Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Monson, Ingrid. Freedom Sounds: Civil Rights Call Out to Jazz and Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Muñoz, Vélez, Enrique, Luis. Jazz en Colombia: Desde los alegres años 20 hasta nuestros días. Barranquilla, Colombia: Fundación Cultural Nueva Música, 2007.Google Scholar
“N.U. Declines Offer to Send Band on Tour.” Chicago Tribune, 13 November 1964, A8.Google Scholar
Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.Google Scholar
Osgood, Kenneth. Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006.Google Scholar
Osgood, Kenneth. “Words and Deeds: Race, Colonialism, and Eisenhower's Propaganda War in the Third World.” In Statler, Kathryn C. and Johns, Andrew L., eds., The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War, 3–25. London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.Google Scholar
Poiger, Uta G. Jazz, Rock and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Richmond, Yale. Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Richmond, Yale. Practicing Public Diplomacy: A Cold War Odyssey. New York: Berghahn Books, 2008.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M. D. “Collegian Real Power in Politics of Latins.” Washington Post, 2 July 1961, E1.Google Scholar
Schmelz, Peter. Such Freedom, If Only Musical: Unofficial Soviet Music during the Thaw. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Scott, Wayne. “Jazz Goes to College.” Music Journal 20/6 (September 1962): 28, 98–100.Google Scholar
Smith, Tony. “New Bottles for Old Wine: A Pericentric Framework for the Study of the Cold War.” Diplomatic History 24/4 (Fall 2000): 567–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starr, S. Frederick. Red and Hot: The Fate of Jazz in the Soviet Union, 1917–1980. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Szulc, Tad. Dominican Diary. New York: Delacorte Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, John. Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction. New York: Continuum, 2002.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, John. Globalization and Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Tsing, Anna. “The Global Situation.” Cultural Anthropology 15/3 (2000): 327–60.Google Scholar
“U.S. Band's Latin Concert Off.” New York Times, 7 April 1965, 4.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. The Educational and Cultural Exchange Program: 24th Semiannual Report to Congress, July 1–December 31, 1959, Department of State Publication 7053, International Information and Cultural Series 74. Released September 1960.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. Educational and Cultural Diplomacy, 1960. Department of State Publication 7259, International Information and Cultural Series 79. Released October 1961.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. Educational and Cultural Diplomacy, 1961. Department of State Publication 7437, International Information and Cultural Series 82. Released October 1962.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. IIA: The International Information Administration Program. Department of State Publication 4939, International Information and Cultural Series 32. Released April 1953.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. Strengthening Cultural Bonds between Nations . . . through the Performing Arts. A Report on the Cultural Presentations Program of the Department of State, July 1, 1964–June 30, 1965. Department of State Publication 8038, International Information and Cultural Series 90. Released June 1966.Google Scholar
“U.S. Steps into the Dominican Crossfire.” Life 58/18 (14 May 1965): 85–88.Google Scholar
Von Eschen, Penny M. Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

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