¹ Virgil Thomson and Gertrude Stein's Four Saints and Three Acts [1928] is the only other opera in the series.

² Betz, Marianne, George Whitefield Chadwick: An American Composer Revealed (Sheffield, MA: Pendragon Press, 2015)Google Scholar. It was reviewed by E. Douglas Bomberger in the Journal of the Society for American Music 12, no. 4 (2018): 522–25.

³ See, for example, Faucett, Bill F., George Whitefield Chadwick: The Life and Music of the Pride of New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2012), 284Google Scholar.

⁴ Those interested in assessing the music can listen to the house recording of a concert revival given by the Waterbury (CT) Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Leif Bjaland in 1995. George Whitefield Chadwick—The Padrone (1912), August 12, 2019, YouTube video, 1:16:07, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0TsaKAXuoc.

⁵ Seattle Opera, “Cultural Appropriation and Madame Butterfly,” 2017, https://www.seattleopera.org/classes-camps-clubs/for-adults/community-conversations/cultural-appropriation-madame-butterfly/.

⁶ See, for example, Jacobson, Matthew Frye, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 56–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar; or Guglielmo, Thomas A., White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004)Google Scholar.