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Although the city of Kauśāmbī is frequently mentioned in the Pāli and Hindu classics, few data are given therein from which its position can be accurately determined. We shall see as we proceed that the details given in these books, when read in conjunction with what we learn from Yuan Chwang, enable us to fix with tolerable accuracy, but not with absolute certainty as yet, the probable position of this famous city.
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References
page 249 note 1 Beal, p. 90.
page 249 note 2 Beal, i, p. 230.
page 249 note 3 Beal: Life, p. 90.
page 250 note 1 Beal, i, p. 234.
page 250 note 2 Beal, i, p. 237.
page 250 note 3 Beal, p. 90.
page 250 note 4 Beal, p. 190.
page 251 note 1 Beal, p. 91.
page 252 note 1 Beal, i, p. lxviii.
page 252 note 2 Arch. Surv. Report (A.S.R.), i, p. 315.
page 252 note 3 The Ghoṣitārāma or Ghoṣāvatārāma (Kern, Manual, p. 34), or garden of Ghosika “ near” Kauśāmbī (Hardy, Manual, p. 369), named after Ghoṣika, Ghoṣita, Ghositā, or Ghoṣila, one of the three ministers of Udayana, king of the Vatsa country. This is, probably, the same monastery which was situated in the śiṁśapā grove (Dalbergia Sisu) (Oldenberg, Buddha, p. 205).
page 253 note 1 Possibly Pāvāriya, Buddhist India, p. 36.
page 253 note 2 A.S.R., xiii, p. 16, and pl. xx (map).
page 254 note 1 Hardy, Manual, p. 520; Davids, Rhys, Sacred Books of the East, xxxvi, p. 11, noteGoogle Scholar. The correct name of Bakula, or Bak-kula, ‘ the two family one,’ was Nakula, ‘mungoose’ (J.R.A.S., 1898, p. 337), according to Yuan Chwang.
page 254 note 2 Hardy: Manual, pp. 17, 455, 510.
page 254 note 3 The identification of Kosam with Kauśāmbī was no longer tenable when the distance 50 li, on which the identification rested, was corrected to 500 li (Beal, Life, p. 91, note 1). From its geographical position it is almost a certainty that Kosam lay in the kingdom of Prayāga.
page 254 note 4 A.S.R., xiii, p. 16.
page 255 note 1 Bigandet, i, p. 235.
page 255 note 2 Kern: Manual, pp. 34, 35. According to Hardy, p. 369, Gautama spent the tenth rainy season at Pārālī; and at the foot of the sāla tree there was a cave. Davids, Rhys (Buddhism, 1880, p. 72)Google Scholar has “in a hut built by the villagers.”
page 255 note 3 Jātaka No. 16.
page 255 note 4 A.S.R., vii, p. 211, and xiii, pp. 15, 16, 152.
page 255 note 5 Marked on A.S.R., xiii, pl. xx.
page 255 note 6 It is called both a forest and village. Davids, Rhys (Buddhism, 1880, p. 72)Google Scholar has ‘forest of Pārileyyaka’ ; Bigandet (Legend of Gaudama, 1866, pp. 223, 224) has ‘village of Palelyaka’ and ‘forest of Palelaka’; Hardy (Manual, p. 369) has ‘forest of Pārālī.’
page 255 note 7 A.S.R., vii, p. 219. Pālī is shown on A.S.R., xvii, pl. 1 (map).
page 255 note 8 But see note 6.
page 256 note 1 A.S.R., vii, p. 214; Epig. Ind., i, p. 40.
page 256 note 2 A.S.R., xiii, pp. 13, 14, 15, and pl. xx (map) ; A.S.R., xxi, p. 149.
page 256 note 3 A.S.R., xiii, p. 12.
page 256 note 4 Compare with Rhys Davids, Buddhist India, p. 7.
page 256 note 5 A.S.R., xxi, pl. 1 (map).
page 256 note 6 For an account of the road as it ascends to Sirmol on the edge of the tableland, see A.S.R., xxi, p. 114.
page 256 note 7 At Bithā, A.S.R., iii, p. 46, x, p. 6, and xix, p. 60; Ginjā Hill, A.S.R., xxi, p. 119; Bhirpur, A.S.R., xix, pp. 62, 73; Chaukandīh, A.S.R., xix, p. 64 ; Piāwan, A.S.R., xxi, pp. 112, 141, and (Jhirnā) A.S.R., xix, p. 68; Ālhā Ghāṭ, A.S.R., xxi, p. 114 ; Kevatī Kuṇḍ, A.S.R., xxi, pp. 115, 141, 142.
page 257 note 1 Published in Ind. Antiq., xviii, p. 214.
page 257 note 2 These distances have been furnished to me through the courtesy of Major S. F. Bayley, Agent to the Bāghelkhạṇd Agency at Satnā.
page 258 note 1 J.R.A.S., 1898, pp. 503–519.
page 258 note 2 This is the distance from Allahabad to Fatehpur by the Grand Trunk Road, and is very nearly exact, I should think, for the distance to Dalamaū, which is 18 miles by road north-east of Fatehpur.
page 259 note 1 J.R.A.S., 1903, pp. 83–86, 97, 98, 102.
page 260 note 1 Mr. Vincent Smith, reproving Cunningham in giving 120 miles for the distance from Allahabad to the Bharhut stūpa (J.R.A.S., 1898, p. 511, note 1), makes the distance 92 to 98 miles, which is certainly very far from accurate. Cunningham's distance is nearly correct. He seems to have taken 110 miles, the distance from Allahabad to Satnā by rail, and added 10 miles for the distance to Bharhut by road from Satnā. Now, Allahabad to Rīwā by road is 80⅝ miles, from Rīwā to Satnā 31½ miles, and about 9 miles more on to Bharhut, say about 121 miles altogether, by this way.
page 261 note 1 J.R.A.S., 1903, p. 80.
page 262 note 1 A.S.R., xiii, p. 13. The sculptures are noticed at A.S.R., xix, pp. 80, 87–89, and pl. xix ; xxi, pp. 143, 144, 151–153, and pls. xxxvi, xxxvii. Those with inscriptions are mostly of about the tenth and eleventh centuries ; see A.S.R., xxi, p. 153. For the inscriptions consult A.S.R., xiii, p. 13, note; xxi, pp. 144, 150, 152. None earlier than about 880 a.d., the time of the Kalacuri king Kokkalla, have been found ; see A.S.R., xxi, p. 150.
page 262 note 2 A.S.R., xix, p. 89.
page 262 note 3 Gūrgī village, which gives its name to the ruins, lies one mile to the south-west of them. The ruins are described A.S.R., xix, p. 85, with pl. xx, and xxi, p. 149, with pl. xxxv.
page 262 note 4 A.S.R., xix, p. 86.
page 262 note 5 A.S.R., xxi, p. 150.
page 263 note 1 The Sadharmmaratnakāre (Hardy, Manual, p. 369) says “near Kosambœ.”
page 263 note 2 A.S.R., xix, pl. xix.
page 263 note 3 A.S.R., xix, p. 89 ; and xxi, p. 149, with pl. xxxv.
page 264 note 1 Rhys Davids: Buddhism, 1880, p. 70.
page 264 note 2 A.S.R., xxi, p. 152. For references to sculptures see note 1, p. 262.
page 264 note 3 A.S.R., xxi, p. 144.
page 264 note 4 Haraprasād Śaśtrī, M.A.: A School History of India, p. 9.
page 264 note 5 A.S.R., xxi, p. 147, pl. 1; x, p. 15.
page 265 note 1 Griffith's translation, canto xxxiv, and note 2 (book i).
page 265 note 2 Wilson, (Hall), Vishńu Puráńa, ii, p. 172Google Scholar, has Vindhya-parvatasānuṣu. Sānu in the dictionary is given as ‘ level ground on top, or edge of a mountain; tableland.’ Kuśasthalī (sthalī = ‘upland’) or Kuśāvatī must not be confused with Dvārakā or Kuśasthalī (Vishńu Puráńa, iii, p. 253), or with Kuśāvatī, a name of Kuśinārā, the scene of Gautama's death.
page 265 note 3 Uttarakaṇḍa, sarga 108, śloka 4, has Vindhya-parvata rodhasi. Rodhas = ‘ bank, high bank, shore, flank.’ Rodhas and sānuṣu are evidently synonyms.
page 265 note 4 J.A.S.B., vii, 1838, p. 165.
page 265 note 5 Asiatic Researches, xx, p. 72.
page 265 note 6 Vishńu Puráńa, ii, p. 172.
page 266 note 1 J.A.S.B., vi, 1837, p. 886.
page 266 note 2 A.S.R., xvii, p. 95; J.R.A.S., 1898, p. 519.
page 266 note 3 Hardy, p. 252, possibly on the authority of one of the books noticed at p. 529 of Manual. The distance needs confirmation.
page 266 note 4 Rīwā to Gūrgī is also said to be twelve miles (A.S.R., xxi, p. 149). In this article I have used the road-distances as given by the Quarter-Master General in India in Routes in the Bengal and Punjab Commands (1900 ed.), unless when otherwise specified. Nothing has been added to the 90 miles by rail to make up for the probable greater distance by road, as the pilgrim road from Saugor to Gūrgī would perhaps branch off somewhere to the southward of Rīwā, and go north-east to Gūrgī.
page 266 note 5 Shaw-Caldecott: J.R.A.S., 1903, pp. 276, 282.
page 267 note 1 Jervis, Standards, 1836 (J.R.A.S., 1903, p. 77, note 1), p. 268; Hardy, p. 11, note.
page 267 note 2 J.R.A.S., 1903, pp. 73, 74, where 10,000 bow-lengths = 100 li.