^{page 21 note 1} The word Tangut is interchangeable with Hsi-Ts'ang, or Tibet, although since Colonel Prjevalsky's travels it has come to be used by Europeans as designating the Tibetan-speaking tribes in the Kokonor region, known to Tibetans as Andowa and Panak'a.

^{page 22 note 1} It may be assumed for convenience sake that 3 li correspond to one English mile, but in a mountainous country the length of a li is much shorter.

^{page 23 note 1} This section has been omitted in the present translation, as it only contains a few terms peculiar to the country.

^{page 23 note 2} . Yu-hsüan is the name given to a light carriage which the emperors in olden times made use of in their tours of inspection through the Empire, especially in the remoter parts, the object of such journeys being to get acquainted with the customs of the people and the condition of the country. “Light chariot envoys” were, prior to the Han dynasty, sent out periodically to visit the different states subject or tributary to China, to note their ways of speech and manners, etc. See Watters, Th., Essays on the Chinese Language, p. 32Google Scholar.

^{page 23 note 3} This preface was omitted in Klaproth's translation.

^{page 23 note 4} The author here refers to the Tibetan campaign of Kang-hsi, or Ch'ienlung. He calls attention to the fact that the official report which must have been submitted after the campaign could not render the present publication useless.

^{page 27 note 1} The road from Ta-chien-lu to Lh'asa viâ Bat'ang, Ch'amdo, etc., is called by the natives Jya lam or the “High road.” The one viâ Hsining Fu in Kan-su is called the Chang lam or “Northern road.”

^{page 27 note 2} A department (chou) in Shensi. See Playfair, Towns and Cities of China, No. 1126.

^{page 27 note 3} Hsiang-yang Fu in Hupeh. Playfair, op. cit. No. 2786.

^{page 28 note 1} Gill, , River of Golden Sands, vol. ii. p. 420Google Scholar, calls it Chan-To-P'u, 13½ miles from Ch'eng-tu.

^{page 28 note 2} Altitude 1532 feet (Gill).

^{page 28 note 3} Alt. 1595 feet. 20½ miles from Ch'eng-tu (Gill). Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, II. 17 has 105 li.

^{page 28 note 4} 18½ miles from Hsin-ching Hsien. Alt. 1637 feet (Gill). Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, 110 li.

^{page 29 note 1} Alt. 1681. 7¾ miles from Ch'iung chou (Gill).

^{page 29 note 2} Alt. 1920. 14½ miles from Ch'iung chou (Gill). Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, 105 li.

^{page 29 note 3} Alt. 1660 feet. 14½ miles from Pai chang-i (Gill).

^{page 29 note 4} Summit of pass Alt. 2036 feet (Gill). These temples are usually called Laoyeh miao in China. They are found on nearly all important passes.

^{page 29 note 5} Gill's Ya chou Fu. 21½ miles from Pai-chang-i. It is usually called Ta chou Fu. Hsi- Ts'ang t'u k'ao, 95 li.

^{page 30 note 1} Alt. 3583 feet (Gill).

^{page 30 note 2} “to let go seven times.” The event here alluded to is a wellknown episode in the “History of the Three Kingdoms” (San kuo chih).

^{page 30 note 3} Alt. 2299. 12½ miles from Kuan-yin-p'u (Gill). Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, 120 li. The name is usually pronounced Yung-ching.

^{page 30 note 4} Alt. 4809 feet (Gill). See also Gill, , op. cit. vol. ii. p. 57Google Scholar.

^{page 30 note 5} Alt. of summit 5754 feet (Gill).

^{page 30 note 6} Gill's T'ai Hsiang ling kuan, summit of pass, alt. 9366 feet.

^{page 30 note 7} Alt. 5478 feet. 15 miles from Huang ni p'u (Gill). See also his remarks, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 58. Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, 120 li. They say in this country Ch'ing feng, Yung kan, Ya shui, “Ch'ing's wind, Yung-ching's dryness, Ya Chou's rain.”

^{page 31 note 1} Altitude 3790 feet (Baber).

^{page 31 note 2} Hsi- Ts'ang t'u k'ao, 70 li.

^{page 31 note 3} Altitude 5090 feet (Baber).

^{page 31 note 4} This name appears to be a transcription of the Tibetan , pron. Go-lo or Ko-lok, very frequently applied to a large portion of the Eastern Tibetans, or K'am-ba. It may, however, like many of the compounds of be read lo. Can the word Lo-lo be derived from the Tibetan term ?.

^{page 32 note 1} Gill calls it also Wu-yai ling, alt. 9022 feet. Baber makes it 9410 feet high. The author draws considerably on his imagination; in July I found no snow on this mountain, and the road over it is comparatively easy.

^{page 32 note 2} Altitude 7050 feet (Baber), 7073 (Gill). Hsi- Ts'ang t'u k'ao, 65 li. When in the country I could find no trace of the lake referred to in the text.

^{page 32 note 3} The Lung-hai p'u of Baber. The Lu ho is the river of Ta-chien-lu, which empties into the T'ung at Wa-ssŭ. The Yi-kung kou empties into the T'ung. Shen-ts'un is now called by the people T'u-ssŭ.

^{page 32 note 4} Pumaloes and lemons grow here, but do not reach maturity.

^{page 33 note 1} About 370 feet long and 10 feet broad. Gill, vol. ii. p 69, gives it as 100 yards span. The chains are of ⅞ inch round iron links and about 10 inches long. Altitude above sea-level, 4640 feet. Baber gives 4516 feet as the altitude. Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, 80 li.

^{page 33 note 2} Altitude 4653 feet (Gill).

^{page 33 note 3} Altitude 4933 feet (Gill).

^{page 33 note 4} The Lu ho (Do ch'u), formed by the Dar ch'u and Che ch'u, which meet at Ta-chien-lu. The Hsi-Ts'ang chien-wen-lu, II. 22, makes one stage from the Tu-ting ch'iao to Ta-chien-lu by Ta p'eng-pa, Ta chiung shan, Chin-chai-pien, Ta hu-ti, and Hsiao hu-ti, where the road is very dangerous. It was repaired in 1740 by the tea merchants. The whole road is made of wooden bridges, along the sides of which are established a number of taverns. Distance from the Lu-ting bridge to Ta-chien-lu 130 li. Hsi-Ts'avg t'u k'ao, 85 li.

^{page 33 note 5} Gill makes it 193 miles, but he did not follow the same road from Ch'ingch'i Hsien to about F'u-lung ssŭ. Baber followed the road indicated in our itinerary. The Hsi-Ts'ang chien-wen-lu, loc. cit., makes the total distance 850 li; the Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, II. 17, 1020 li; the Hsi-chao t'u lüeh, 970; the Hsi-Ts'ang chih, 865; and Huang Mou-tsai, in his diary written in 1878, 975 li and 13 stages.

The Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao makes this last stage 65 li. Mgr. Biet gave me the distance from Ta-chien-lu to Ya-chou by this route as 190 kil., or 213 to Ch'eng-tu.

^{page 34 note 1} The Chinese name is really but a transcription of the Tibetan one, Tar ché do “the confluence of the Tar ch'u and Ché ch'u, the former coming from the Jeto ri, the latter from the Jyara ri. Below the town the river is called Do ch'u, an abbreviation of Tar-ché do ch'u. The town is usually spoken of as Do, thus the natives say Do mara gro-gi ré, “I am going down to Do.” In like manner the Chinese call it Lu, and say Chin Zu-li, “to enter Ta-chien-lu.”

^{page 35 note 1} The Regulations of the Colonial Office (Li-fan-yüan tse-li), B. 61, p. 10, says that Ta-chien-lu sends a sum of Tls. 5000, derived from the local taxes, every year to the Talé lama for the support of the church. These taxes are most likely those levied by the native prince. The Tibetan name of the principality of Ming-cheng is Chag-la the prince has the title of King or Jyabo .

^{page 35 note 2} On the tea trade of Ta-chien-lu, see Baber, , Arechœological Researches in Western China, p. 192Google Scholaret seq. He estimates the export from Ta-chien-lu to Bat'ang at ten millions English pounds, which are worth over £148,000. Tea is sold in Tibet in small bricks, called parka, weighing 3½ ja-ma (about 4¼ lbs.), or in packages of four parka, called k'o-dru. I am told that the price of tea per. parka varies at Lh'asa from six or seven taels for the finest qualities down to Tls. 2.0.0 for the poorest. The Ya-chou teas sold in Tibet are of different qualities, the principal are: 1°. Dre-dong, 2°. Chu-ba, 3°. Gadän chamba, 4°. Jyé-ba, 5°. Goka, etc. See also A Tea Trade with Tibet (by Abbé Desgodins), published by the Bengal Secretariat in 1883.

^{page 36 note 1} Alt. 10,838 feet (Gill). The Tibetan name ia Chedo .

^{page 36 note 2} Alt. 14,515 feet (Gill).

^{page 36 note 3} Called in Tibetan laser. See Prjevalsky's, Mongolia, vol. ii. p. 81Google Scholar, et sqq. He there says that the Mongols call it Shara moto, “yellow wood,” and the Tangutans Djumtsa. This last expression, dzim tsa, “fragrant root,” is only used in Eastern Tibet and the Kokonor.

^{page 37 note 1} Gill's Ti-zu or Hsin Tien chau. Alt. 13,335 feet.

^{page 37 note 2} Gill's Nah shi.

^{page 37 note 3} Alt. 12,413 feet. 21½ miles from Chih-to (Gill). In Tibetan called A-nya .

^{page 37 note 4} Gill's Tung che ka.

^{page 37 note 5} Gill's Tung Golo. Alt. 12,027 feet.

^{page 37 note 6} Gill's Ka-ji-la, or Ko-urh shi shan. Alt. (summit of pass) 14,454 feet. And Do-ku la tza. Alt. 14,597 feet.

^{page 38 note 1} Gill's Wu Rumshih, or wu ru chung ku. Alt. 12,048 feet. The correct pronunciation of the name is O-rong shé At the present day travellers usually make one stage from Anya to Orong-shé

^{page 38 note 2} Gill's Ker Rim-bu, or Pa-ko lo. Alt. 10,435 feet.

^{page 38 note 3} Also called Nya ch'u k'a. Alt. 9222 feet (Gill), and Mä Nya ch'u ka “Ford of the lower Nya ch'u-” The Chinese name Ya-lung is Tibetan Nya-lung “Valley of the Nya.”

^{page 38 note 4} There is no bridge at present, every one crosses in skin boats called Ku dru, like coracles, about five feet long and four broad.

^{page 39 note 1} Gill's Ma geh chung. Alt. 11,915 feet. Correct pronunciation Ma-gän drong .

^{page 39 note 2} Ch'ia-pa is the transcription of the Tibetan word chak-pa, in constant use for “thieves, brigands.” In the translations of the Peking Gazette for 1885, p. 70, it is erroneously rendered by “Chia-pa aborigines.”

^{page 39 note 3} Gill calls it Ra ma la. Alt. of first summit, 14,915 feet; second summit, 15,110 feet.

^{page 39 note 4} Gill's Mu lung gung, or P'u lang kung.

^{page 39 note 5} Gill's Lit'ang Ngoloh, or Shih Wolo. Alt. 12,451 feet. Tibetans call it Li-t'ang go-lok . The word go-lok, I have been told, means “capital, chief town.” It is not used in Central Tibet.

^{page 39 note 6} Gill's Tang Gola. Alt. 14,109 feet.

^{page 40 note 1} Gill's Cha-ma-ra don. Correct pronunciation Tra-ma-ra-dong

^{page 40 note 2} Gill's Deh-re la. Alt. 14,584 feet.

^{page 40 note 3} Gill's Wang-gi la. Alt. 15,558 feet.

^{page 40 note 4} Or Ho chn k'a. Alt. 13,250 feet (Gill). Hor ch'u k'a in Tibetan.

^{page 40 note 5} Which Gill, thinks must fall into the Chin-sha chiang after being joined by the Lit'ang river, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 154Google Scholar.

^{page 40 note 6} Gill's Shie-gi la. Alt. 14,425 feet, or 1170 feet above Huo chu k'a.

^{page 40 note 7} 650 li, according to the Hsi-Ts'ang fu. 130½ miles according to Captain Gill. Alt. 13,280 feet. Hsi-Ts'ang t'a k'ao, II. 19, makes the last stage 45 li.

^{page 41 note 1} Cooper, T. T., Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce, p. 232Google Scholar, says there are 3500 lamas in this Lit'ang convent. The chief convent is called Chamba ch'ü k'or ling. Here resides the K'anpo. who is appointed for a term of three years. To the right of this lamasery is the Ch'üjong k'ang, and to the left the Dorjéling. The Lit'ang chih-lüeh, p. 18, says there are 2845 lamas on the registers (t'o) of the convent, and over 3000 non-registered ones.

^{page 41 note 2} Some 50 li south of Hsi-ning on the T'a shan. This convent is the chief one of the Gélupa sect, and is built on the spot where Tsong-k'apa was born. Sheng wu chi, V. 7. It is better known to us under its Tibetan name of Kumbum.

^{page 41 note 3} A census of the population of Lit'ang district made in 1719 gave 15 hamlets and villages, 20 headmen, 5320 families, 3270 lamas, and 45 lamaseries. Another census, made in 1729, gave 36 localities with resident officials, 6529 families, and 3849 lamas. See Hsi-Ts'ang fu, p 37. In 1719 the taxes levied at Lit'ang and forwarded to Ta-chien-lu were Tls. 452 and 500 piculs of barley, besides certain sums for the native officials and lamas, which in 1740 amounted to Tls. 600.9.4 in money, 1754 piculs of grain, 470 head of cattle, and 958 catties of butter. Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu, I. 19. Gill, , op. cit. vol. ii. p. 189Google Scholar, says that Lit'ang has 1000 families and 3000 lamas in the principal lamasery, but he must have been misinformed, as it is certainly smaller than Bat'ang, which has perhaps 300.

^{page 42 note 1} The Hsi-yü k'ao lu distinguishes six Wa-shu districts; it gives Shant'eng instead of Chü-teng and Keng-ping and Ssŭ-ta as additional divisions.

^{page 43 note 1} Gill's Che zom.ka, which I take for Tibetan ch'u zam-pa, “river bridge.”

^{page 43 note 2} Gill's Nga ra la ka. Alt. 15,753 feet.

^{page 43 note 3} Jambu t'ong must be the same place.

^{page 43 note 4} Or “the dry lake.” Gill's Dzong-da.

^{page 43 note 5} Probably Gill's Ma-dung-la tza.

^{page 43 note 6} These stations are known in Tibetan by the name of Jya-tsu'g k'ang; they only afford shelter to the traveller, who must use his own provisions, etc.

^{page 43 note 7} Gill calls it also Ra nung. Alt. 12,826 feet. Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'uo makes one stage of 150 li from Lit'ang to Lamaya. The Tibetan name is Ra-nang .

^{page 44 note 1} Gill's Yi-la-ka. Alt. 14,246 feet.

^{page 44 note 2} Gill calls it the Dzeh dzang chu. See op. cit. vol. ii. p. 165. It is Néda in Tibetan.

^{page 44 note 3} Probably Gill's Cha chu-ka, which is Tibetan ts'a-ch'u-k'a, “hot spring.”

^{page 44 note 4} The text does not tell us if there is really a bridge here. If there is, it is probably over the Neu chu of Gill, called further on the Pa lung (rung) ta.

^{page 44 note 5} Probably Gill's Mang-ga la. Alt. 13,412 feet.

^{page 44 note 6} I take it to be Gill's La ka ndo. Tibetans speak of a place near this called Rat'eu .

^{page 44 note 7} It might perphaps be best to translate the Chinese lou, which is here rendered by “stone built house,” by “native dwellings,” all of which are made of stone, and are several storeys high. See infrà. Ta-so is in Tibetan Dasho .

^{page 45 note 1} Alt. 16,568 feet. Gill also calls it J'rah-la-ka. See also Copper, T. T., op. cit. p. 238et sqq.Google Scholar

^{page note 2} Gill gives as an alternative Pun jang mu. Alt. 13,158 feet. The correct Tibetan name is P'ong-tra-mo, written .

^{page 45 note 3} Called also Ba-jung shih. Alt. 10,691 feet (Gill).

^{page 45 note 4} may also be translated by ula.

^{page 45 note 5} Called in Tibetan Ba . Bat'ang is a hybrid word of Chinese coining.

^{page 45 note 6} 520 li according to Hsi-Ts'ang fu. 95¼ miles according to Gill. The I-t'ung-chih says tbat Bat'ang is 2500 li from Lh'asa, and as it makes the total distance from Ta-chien-lu to Lh'asa 3480 li, Bat'ang would be 980 li from Ta-chien-lu. Allowing four li to the mile, in a hilly country a close approximation, we find 245 miles between Bat'ang and Ta-chien-lu, agreeing closely with Gill, who makes this distance 226 miles. Gill gives its altitude as 8546 feet, the lowest level W. of Ta-chien-lu.

^{page 46 note 1} According to observations made by the French missionaries in 1875–6–7, the average maximum temperature of Bat'ang is 32°15 (Cent.), the average minimum 8°8. See Desgodins, , Le Thibet, second edition, p. 469Google Scholar.

^{page 46 note 2} A census made in 1719, probably the one referred to, gave for the Bat'ang territory, 33 hamlets, 29 headmen, 6900 families, and 2100 lamas. Another census made in 1729 gave 25 chiefs (t'ou-mu), 426 headmen, 28,150 (!) families, 9480 lamas, 11 An-fu-ssŭ and 7 Chang-kuan-ssŭ. Taxes, annually, 3200 Taels. Hsi-Ts'ang fu, p. 36. Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu, I. 18, says that in 1731 the native population of Bat'ang was 3769 families, paying a yearly tax into the Ta-chien-lu Tung-chih's yamen of the value of Tls. 1915, plus Tls. 581 in money, 435 piculs of grain, 1615.7 ounces of quicksilver, 235 ch'ih of hempen fabrics, and 390 piculs of red and white salt paid to the native officials for local purposes. There were also rations, etc., for 80 soldiers, and for the lamas Tls. 849 for clothing and supplies. The figure given by the Hsi-Ts'ang fu for the population in 1729 must probably be an error for 2815. At present Bat'ang has about 6000 inhabitants, inclusive of the lamas. Cooper, , Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce, p. 248Google Scholar. Gill, , op. cit. vol. ii. p. 189Google Scholar, says: “At Bat'ang, where there are only three hundred families, the Lamasery contains thirteen hundred Lamas.”

^{page 47 note 1} Conf. Peking Gazette, May 4th, 1886. The head lama of Draya was made a Nomen Han in 1720, a Hutuketu Nomen Han in 1760, and received further titles in 1856–1866, etc. The name of this place is usually pronounced Drayag or Draya by Lh'asa people. The Freuch missionaries write it Tchra-ya.

^{page 48 note 1} It is called in Tibetan duk tsa This recalls to my mind a species of herb common throughout the S.W. prairie lands of the United States generally called loco weed. I believe that it is a species of wild carrot,—horses which have eaten it become absolutely useless and frequently die from its effects. Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu, II. 25, says this weed grows at Chia-k'ung (stage 51 of this route), and that horses which have eaten it fall down as if dead. It is found around the Kokonor and all over Eastern Tibet, but no one could point it out to me.

^{page 48 note 2} Cooper's Soopalang. See op. cit. p. 276. Desgodins' Tchrou-pa-long. See Le Thibet, second edition, p. 299. Correct pronunciation Drubanang .

^{page 48 note 3} Kung-ze-din, Cooper's, op. cit. p. 277Google Scholar. K'on-djin-k'a is the correct pronunciation.

^{page 49 note 1} Je-wo represents the Tibetan , an expression only used in Eastern Tibet, where Jyé-sung and Jyé-pön are also frequently heard.

^{page 49 note 2} Cooper's Pa-moo-tan. The Yün-nan and Assam road here leaves the highway and strikes south.

^{page 49 note 3} Desgodins, , op. cit. p. 300Google Scholar, calls this place Lanten, Laden or Lamdun. He says that it is a large village and the first one belonging to Central Tibet (or Lh'asa) as one comes from the east. He adds that the fair is no longer held. The name of the place ia spelt pronounced Lh'amdun.

^{page 49 note 4} Written

^{page 50 note 1} Chiang-k'a is perhaps better known as Gartok; it is also called, according to Desgodins (p. 300), Merlam. He says that it is the residence of a governor-general, who has 16 Déba under his orders. The word Gartok is written

^{page 50 note 2} Risho in Tibetan.

^{page 50 note 3} According to Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, III. 1, 120 li.

^{page 50 note 4} means “Stone slab ditch.” The Tibetan name of this station is Nyéba .

^{page 51 note 1} There used to be stationed here a Chinese post of one sergeant and fifty soldiers. Hsi- Ts'ang chien wen lu, II. 24. Correct pronnnciation Adjo

^{page 51 note 2} Or Ka-ehr, Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, III. 3.

^{page 51 note 3} The name given this place by Tibetans is, I believe, Rad jong

^{page 52 note 1} The superior of the Draya lamasery is known as the Lé-pé-shé-rab. The native name of this locality is Chyam-dun

^{page 52 note 2} This sickness experienced on high mountains is called in Tibetan la du “pass poison.” I am told by natives that it is more frequent in summer, and many of them attribute it to the smell of the medicinal plants which grow at these heights, especially rhubarb. The remedy used is garlic, which in supposed to give instant relief. Dr. Bellew when travelling to Kashghar found great relief by taking doses of chlorate of potash. Kashmir and Kashghar, p. 164.

^{page 52 note 3} Ga, in Tibetan .

^{page 53 note 1} Wang-K'a .

^{page 53 note 2} Correct pronunciation Ba-gong .

^{page 54 note 1} Whenever the road passes through a gorge along the side of which it is not possible to make a path, holes are made in the rock in which logs of wood are put and a flooring of planks rests on them. These bridges are very common through Tibet and the Himalaya. See the frontispiece in T. T. Cooper's Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce.

^{page 54 note 2} Correct pronunciation Mong-p' .

^{page 54 note 3} In 1861 Mgr. Desmazures, Vicar Apostolic to Tibet, and Messrs. Renou and Desgodins, left their mission at Kiang-k'a to go to Lh'asa. They were stopped at Ch'amdo and had to return to Bonga. See Annales de la propagation de la Foi, Nos. 220, 221, 1865. Hsi-Ts'ung chien-wen-lu, II. 22–24, states that Ch'am-do is 2343 li W. of Ta-chien-lu; the text makes this distance 2630 li. The Hsi-chao t'u lüch gives the distance from Gartok to Ch'amdo as 995 li; our author's distance is 975. My Tibetan itinerary calls Ch'amdo Pudé dang Chamdo .

^{page 55 note 1} The northern river is the Za ch'u, the southern, or rather western, the Gon ch'u. The Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao (III. 5) states, however, that the first is called Chang ch'u, the second T'u ch'u, from which the name Chang-tu, the old name of the town, is derived.

^{page 55 note 2} The great lamasery of Ch'amdo is called the Chamba ling, Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu, II. 14.

^{page 55 note 3} In Tibetan pron. P'a-pa-lh'a, the second Hutuketu is the pron. Dzi-wa-lh'a.

^{page 55 note 4} These are the names, not the titles of the Chya-dzo-pa. The first is probably pron. Tan-chong tsé-wang, the second pron. Dor-je ang-ch'i.

^{page 55 note 5} I have been told by the K'anpo, who was chief of the mission from Ch'amdo, which visited Peking in 1887, that there were about 7000 lamas in the Ch'amdo district, and four Hutuketus, the two mentioned above being the highest.

^{page 56 note 1} The dwellers in black tents are semi-nomadic herdsmen, and are called throughout Tibet Drug-pa . The tents are made of yak hair, which is blackish-brown; the Chinese name Hei Fan, “Black Fa.”; the Mongol Kara Tangutu, with the same meaning, probably have their origin in this peculiarity.

^{page 56 note 2} It used to have a Chinese garrison of one sergeant, one corporal, and 50 men.

^{page 56 note 3} In 1726. See Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, III. 10. Ch'amdo is independent of Lh'asa.

^{page 57 note 1} Jya ling appears to be the Tibetan name.

^{page 57 note 2} Lamda is the Tibetan name. Lungdha on Pundit A— K—'s map. Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. vol. vii. February, 1885.

^{page 57 note 3} Lagang. This was the farthest point W. reached by the French missionaries in 1862 when trying to get to Lh'asa. See Desgodins, , op. cit. p. 104Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 4} Nulda of the maps. Correct pronunciation, Nyulda ( “silver arrow”).

^{page 58 note 1} Gam la in Tibetan. The Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao gives a number of poetical effusions (shih) by Yang Kuei descriptive of the scenery and people along this road. One called the Ode of the Skin Boat is really very good. The idea that noise causes avalanches is common throughout Tibet and most mountainous countries. See Turner's, SamuelAccount of an Embassy to the Court of the Teshoo Lama, p. 44Google Scholar. On the upper Dré ch'u a K'amba chief would not let me fire my gun too often, as he said it would cause rain or snow to fall.

^{page 58 note 2} Kopola in Tibetan. Wa ho is in Tibetan. Chai in this and other Chinese names of places along this route means “a small military station, a camp.”

^{page 59 note 1} Shao Zamba . Shang ye Jam of our maps. A toll of one tranka per person, not travelling on official business, is levied here. The French missionaries call it Sel-yé sam. Wa-ho and Ma-ri are both on Lei-wu-chi (Lawoshé) territory. Hsi-Ta'ang t'u k'ao, III. 8.

^{page 59 note 2} Tibetan Chu-tsu la (P).

^{page 59 note 3} Lh'o dzong . There is a lamasery here. A— K— gives its altitude as 13,140 feet. Lei-wu-ch'i is N.E. of it. Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, III. 9.

_{page 59 note 4} Tibetan Tsé-ba t'ang.

^{page 59 note 5} A— K—'s Jithog. Djit'ogon .

^{page 60 note 1} A— K—'s altitude for it is 12,470 feet. Correct pronunciation Shubando .

^{page 59 note 2} Ba-ri la is the Tibetan name.

^{page 60 note 3} A— K's Bari Giachug; it is generally called Bari nang .

^{page 60 note 4} Su-ma-ling (gling).

^{page 60 note 5} Correct pronunciation Lh'a ché .

^{page 61 note 1} Penba It has a lamasery with some 200 or 300 lamas. Pemba on the maps.

^{page 61 note 2} In Tibetan Er-gyän dam-ta See, however, next note.

^{page 61 note 3} This mountain is called Shar-kon la by natives. They say that the temple was erected to U-jyen rin-po-ché (Ujyen Pamé) locally called Ujyen Damta. The mountain is called Shiar-gang la on A— K—'s map. See infrà.

^{page 62 note 1} Nam jyalgon in Tibetan

^{page 62 note 2} A— K—'s Arig gomba probably. Alt. 12,480 feet.

^{page 62 note 3} The mountain road, which is 60 li in length, is very dangerous and difficult. The road along the valley is much shorter, being only 20 li, and level. Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu, II. 25. Ta-wo is probably the same as the Nyul-dru k'a of the Tibetan itineraries.

^{page 62 note 4} Alado on our maps, which call the river the Daksang-chu. Correct pronunciation Arando

^{page 63 note 1} Alachiago on the map. Correct pronunciation Cha-gong

^{page 63 note 2} Or “big board (plank) bridge.”

^{page 63 note 3} Do-tu in Tibetan.

^{page 63 note 4} Nub-gang la of A— K—. Alt. 17,940 feet.

^{page 63 note 5} Ts'a-ch'u-k'a, “hot spring,” in Tibetan. The Chachukha of the map.

^{page 64 note 1} A— K—'s Lharugo giachug. Alt. 13,690 feet. Correct pronunciation Lh'a-ri go

^{page 64 note 2} Chinese guard of one sergeant and twenty men. A Liang-t'ai commands the garrison.

^{page 64 note 3} This may mean that the lamas said they were Kan-su Tibetans, or else that they were Mohammadans. The former meaning seems the more probable.

^{page 64 note 4} Kong-po jyam-da in Tibetan.

^{page 65 note 1} A-tsa is the Tibetan name

^{page 65 note 2} A— K—'s Archa cho. Alt. 14,680 feet. The unicorn referred to is the tchiru of Hooker, , Himalayan Journal, vol. ii. p. 157Google Scholar, and of Hodgson. It is a species of antelope, fawn-coloured on the hack, with white on the belly. The horn is black, tapering with annular rings at the base. This horn has been known to attain a length of 18 inches. See Klaproth, , Description du Tibet, p. 230Google Scholar. It is called chusing in Eastern Tibet. Shan wan ia Koleb of the Tibetans.

^{page 65 note 3} Yi-dro la or Tola la of the maps. Alt. 17,350 feet.

^{page 66 note 1} Correct pronuncīation Dramdo

^{page 66 note 2} Lindo in Tibetan.

^{page 66 note 3} Wan-pa-ko. But a lama friend says that E. of Wan-pa-ko are two high mountains, Dro la and Benda la. Kuo-la-sung-to is probably the same place as La-dub of the Tibetans.

^{page 66 note 4} Jyam da, or Giamba. A— K— obtained for its altitude 10,990 feet. Chinese guard used to be one lieutenant, one corporal, and 120 men. Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu, II. p. 25.

^{page 66 note 5} Hsi-Ts'ang fu, p. 34, counts 5735 li from Chiang-ta to Ch'eng-tu. Correct pronunciation Gyam-da

^{page 67 note 1} According to the map it should be up.

^{page 67 note 2} Probably A— K—'s Gam gia chug.

^{page 67 note 3} Nu-ma-ling, A— K—'s Nimaring; Tibetan itineraries mention as Ra-nang here

^{page 67 note 4} The Nu-ma-ri. A— K—'s Gia la.

^{page 67 note 5} My lama mentions Kung-po-pa-la between Nu-ma-ri and Tui-ta.

^{page 67 note 6} There must be some mistake here. P'u-ko tsang can only be somethíng like p'ug ts'ang meaning “a cavern.” These pestilential vapours are always called la-dug. The Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, III. 16 reproduces exactly the text of our author.

^{page 67 note 7} The station must be the Chomorawa Giachug of A— K—. It is called E-si-gyang in Tibetan

^{page 68 note 1} This means that between Lu-ma-ling and Mo-chu-kung-k'a (distance 310 li) some trayellers make three stages instead of the two laid down in the Itinerary.

^{page 68 note 2} Rin-ch'en ling; the Jing cho of our maps

^{page 68 note 3} Me'tri gong, Medu Kongkar Jang of our maps

^{page 68 note 4} For a description of these boats, which are built exactly like the Irish coracles, see Cooper, T. T., Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce, p. 227Google Scholar. The Tsang ho is the Kyi-ch'u.

^{page 68 note 5} La-mon in Tibetan.

^{page 69 note 1} Chamba t'ang, or Cheumba gompa.

^{page 69 note 2} Dé ch'en ling, the Dhejen Jong of our maps

^{page 69 note 3} Tibetan Tsa-ling.

^{page 69 note 4} Or more correctly “the cross roads of Zam-ch'u-kang.”

^{page 69 note 5} The total distance from Ta-chien-lu to Lh'asa is, according to our author, 5140 li. The I tung chih makes it out 3480 li, and the Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu 4735. Natives generally travel the whole distance in two months, couriers in one, or even less.

^{page 70 note 1} i.e. the country under the control of the Hsi-ning Amban, whose title is Controller-general of the Kokonor.

^{page 70 note 2} The plain in the immediate vicinity of Lh'asa is frequently called the Wo-ma t'ang or “Milk plain.” The I-tung-chih estimates the lay population of Lh'asa at 5000 families. Nain Sing, p. xxvi, reports that a census made in 1854 gave, exclusive of the military (1500 men) and priests (27000?), 9000 women and 6000 men. There is a tradition current among the people that there is a lake underneath Lh'asa. In the Jok'ang is an opening which communicates with it. It is said that this lake was confined to its present bed by Padma Sambhava, after which it became possible to build over it. Every year in the second month precious offerings are thrown down the hole in the Jok'ang, out of which comes a great noise of wind. If this were not done, the waters—or rather the Lu jyal-po (Nagarāja)—would cause the waters to rise up and engulph the city. On this legend, conf. Huc, Souvenirs d'un voyage, etc., vol. ii. p. 193.

^{page 71 note 1} In olden times Lh'asa had a wall and nine gates; it was destroyed by General Karpi. Hsi-Ts'any chien-wen-lu, II. 26.

^{page 71 note 2} This obligation to pile stones on the dyke seems to hold no longer good. At all events the lamas whom I have questioned on the subject say they never did such a thing, or heard of such a custom. Hsi-Ts'ang chien-wen-lu, I. 21, says that on the 9th of the first month they put stones on a stone heap which is in front of Potala, stretching out from E. to S. some 13 li There may be here a misapprehension of the well-known custom of adding stones to mani walls. Sheng wu chi (written in 1842) mentions this custom, but the author's information was at second-hand.

^{page 72 note 1} See supplementary note, infrà.

^{page 72 note 2} The Buddhist canon law forbids priests to perform magical feats.

^{page 72 note 3} This Emperor reigned in Moukden, and the embassy arrived by way of Mongolia, its object being to welcome the rising power of the Manchus, with whom the Talé lama had a religious sympathy.

^{page 72 note 4} I do not know who is meant by Ts'ang-pa khan unless the words be intended to mean “the King of Tibet.” Gushi Khan of the Khoshotes had as his allies in the conquest of Tibet the Sungans and the Torguts. Dayan Khan sent an embassy to the Indian Emperor Aurungzeb. He died about 1670. Dalai Khan acted as commander-in-chief of the forces, but not as controller of the civil administration. The Dési Sang-jyé is credited with being the natural son of the fifth Talé lama. See Howorth, , History of the Mongols, vol. i. p. 518Google Scholar, from whom the above remarks are taken.

^{page 72 note 5} His full name is Lo-zang kal-zang jya-ts'o . He was born in 1708, according to the Hsi-Ts'ang fu. The sixth Talé lama, Ts'ang-chyang jya-ts'o, a creature of the Dési Sang-jyé, died of dropsy in Manchuria, where he had been exiled.

^{page 73 note 1} Howorth writes it Sereng Donduk.

^{page 73 note 2} The name is written Sur-tsa in Tibetan. Correectly it should be Sur-cha.

^{page 73 note 3} Sereng Donduk crossed the mountains S. of Khoten, marched past the Tengrinor, and appeared in November, 1717, before Lh'asa, which was attacked. It was captured by treason, and the Sungars were welcomed by many as deliverers. Latsan Khan had taken refuge at Putala, but he was captured and put to death, and his son Sur-dzu was taken prisoner.”—Howorth, , op. cit. p. 523Google Scholar.

^{page 73 note 4} is an expression of contempt in use to the present day. The story which gave rise to it is related in the Han shih wai ch'uan, acc. to K'ang hsi's Dictionary, s.v. T'ang, it is that Chi chuang kung driving out once saw a mantis pushing at his carriage, hoping thereby to stop it.

^{page 74 note 1} The Chinese divide the lamas into four sects, which they call Yellow, Red, Black, and White. The Tibetan names of these sects are G'elupa, Nyimapa, Karmapa, and Sachyapa. The text may possibly refer to one of these, but hei jen means also “the laity.”

^{page 74 note 2} In Tibetan Na-p'öd-pa do-jé jya-po For the Tibetan forms of the names of the ministers of Lh'a-zang Han, see note, infrà.

^{page 74 note 3} His full name is (according to Hsi-yü tung-wen-chih, B. 24, p. 5) Chyar-ra-ra-né-nös-dru jya-po or Ngos-dru jya-po from Chyar-ra.

^{page 74 note 4} The text has “the country of the Jok'ang.” Lh'asa is sometimes called Hsi chao. Chao represents the Tibetan Jo-wo.

^{page 75 note 1} Kata, also called Tai-ling, is two days N.E. of Ta-chien-lu, on the road to Dergé. I passed through it in 1889. The lamasery is a very fine one.

^{page 75 note 2} Probably Tra-shi k'ang, the former residence of the Chinese Amban and the camp of the Chinese forces, seven li S. of Lh'asa. See Sheng-wu chi, V. 29, and also, infrà.

^{page 75 note 3} in the text. The character Fo must not be understood as always meaning “Buddha,” at least in modern parlance. A Chinese will say of a sacred rock or tree that it is Fo-yeh. A Tibetan will use the word lh'a in exactly the same way, only intending to convey the idea of the object or place being sacred or haunted by spiritual beings.

^{page 76 note 1} P'u-t'o shan in the Chusan group of islands. Potala (now Tata) at the mouth of the Indus, a former residence of Shenrézig (Avalokiteshwara) and the Lh'asa Potala, originally called Marpori or the “Red hill.”

^{page 76 note 2} “the lake of the Naga King.”

^{page 76 note 3} I am told that it is called the Nya-mo ch'u by natives. The name of the bridge in Tibetan is Yut'og zampa. See map for its position. The text is wrong about it being the Galjao Muren (Kyi ch'u in Tibetan).

^{page 76 note 4} “15 li S.W. of Potala is the Nerbuling k'ang on the N. side of the Kyi ch'u. In it is a large stone tank in which the water of the river flows. It is surrounded by dense foliage and has many paths. It has a one-storied house, beautifully ornamented, with flowers, etc. Here the Talé lama passes some twenty days in the warm season and enjoys the bathing.” See Hsi-Ts’ ang fu, p. 24. The embarrassed phrase about the waters of the Nya-mo-ch'u is adapted from the Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu (II. 15). “At the foot of Marpori meanders the Kyi ch'u, whose azure bends encircle the hill with a network green as the dark green bamboo; it is so lovely that it drives all cares away from the beholder.”

^{page 77 note 1} The first-mentioned place is 2 li N. of Potala; it is the Ch'ung-ch'u-lu k'ang of Tibetans.Chi Yüan is the Chya dzo ling-ka, 4 li N. of Potala, and the Ching Yüan is the Ch'ü ji k'ang, 7 li W. of Potala.

^{page 77 note 2} The river here alluded to is the Chyi ch'u, or Ki ch'u which meets the Yaru tsang po S.E. of Ch'u-shu. Yeh-tang is Nyer-tam

^{page 77 note 3} The Jañglot of Pundit No. 9.

^{page 78 note 1} The Ch'u shu of Tibetans. Pundit No. 9 calls this place Chusul-jong. The I-tung-chih makes it 115 li from Lh'asa.

^{page 78 note 2} The Khamba barchi of Pundit No. 9. Also called Kam-pa la cha The river crossed in the Yarn tsang po.

^{page 78 note 3} The Kampa mountain.

^{page 78 note 4} More correctly Démalung or Tama lung. Lung means “valley.”

^{page 78 note 5} This is the Piah te dzong of European maps, also called Pe-té. It is on the shore of lake Pai-ti (Parché jya-ts'o). Correct pronunciation Pé-di .

^{page 79 note 1} Probably of the Zara our maps.

^{page 79 note 2} Kalang-tzŭ must be Na-gong , Nagar tsé dzong of the maps. Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao (III. 22), gives the name as Lang-ka-tzŭ, with Ka-lang-tzu as an alternative reading.

^{page 79 note 3} The road passes by the Kharola pass; alt. 16,600 feet. Je-lung is Ra-nang .

^{page 79 note 4} Gorch of our maps. Correct pronunciation Gé-shé .

^{page 79 note 5} The name is written or It is 120 li from Shigatse, and has a population of over 30,000 (!) families and more than 7500 soldiers. See I-tung-chih. 140 li to the W. of Gyangtsé is Kamba djong, and Kushi djong is 70 li S. of it. Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, III. 24.

^{page 80 note 1} Jen-chin-kang (Rin-ch'en-gong) must be the Dong-tsé of our maps. Pa-lang corresponds with Péna dzong. Correct pronunciation Pal-lam

^{page 80 note 2} The Giudue, or Ch'u-ta–chang-ma of our maps, seems to correspond wit^h this place. Correct pronunciation K'ir dö .

^{page 80 note 3} The I-tung-chih says that Shigatsé is 533 li from Lh'asa, about 133 miles, at four li to the mile.

^{page 80 note 4} A Chinese name for Trashil'unpo. “The convent of Trashil'unpo was built by Gédun drub-pa: it is on a hill which resembles in shape a crab'a claw. N.W. of it rises abruptly a mountain resembling the Lung-tung-pei in Sau-ch'uan. The convent buildings are four stories high, resplendent with gold and yellow bricks. There are three halls.” See Hsi-Ts'ang fu, p. 12. The I-tung-chih says Shigatsć has a population of over 23,000 families and over 6300 soldiers (natives and Chinese?). Turner, Embassy to Court of Teshoo Lama, says there were 3700 gélong at Trashil'unpo.

^{page 81 note 1} See supplementary note, infrà. The Pan-ch'en erdeni and the Talé lama are supposed also to be the reincarnations of the two chief disciples of Tsong-k'a-pa, who charged them to continue from generation to generation to re-enter the world so as to watch over the Yellow church. See Sheng wu chi, V. 2. Tibetans say that the Pan-ch'en lama is the incarnation of Wu-pa-mé (Amitābha Buddha) and not of any of the eight Dorjéor vadjra, but he is usually considered an incarnation of Manjushri (or Jam-btuang). The Pan-ch'en Rin-po-ch'é ordains lamas yélong. See Huc, , Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans la Tartarie, vol. ii. p. 283Google Scholar. He has not understood the ceremony, and calls the gélong the élan or kélan.

^{page 81 note 2} The facts more clearly stated are that on the reappearance of the Talé lama he is examined by the Pan-ch'en Rin-po-ch'é to see if he is really the sought-for incarnation of Avalokiteshwara, and, in the case of the Pan-ch'en, he is examined by the Talé lama. The Talé lama is also installed at Potala by the Pan-ch'en Rin-po-ch'e, and ordained a gélong by him when he has reached the prescribed age.

^{page 82 note 1} Erdeni=Rin-po-ch'é, “most precious, excellent.”

^{page 82 note 2} This was Paldan Yé-shé (see supplementary note, infrà). The Huang-ssŭ outside the N.E. gate of Peking was given him. The ch'örten erected to his memory in the West Huang-ssŭ is one of the finest monuments at Peking. See Williams, , Middle Kingdom, vol. i. p. 79Google Scholar. The bas-reliefs around it represent well-known scenes of the life of Gotama Buddha, his conception, birth, flight, etc., and his death, at which a lion is weeping. Williams, lot. cit., is wrong in his interpretation of them.

^{page 82 note 3} The Pan-ch'en here alluded to was called Paldan tän-pé nyi-ma.

^{page 82 note 4} An allusion to the issue of the then pending campaign against the Gorkhas.

^{page 82 note 5} Capt. Turner in 1783 visited Paldän Tan-pé nyi-ma, then eighteen months old. He was much struck by the dignity of his behaviour. See Mission to Court of Teshoo Lama, p. 333 et teq. On the death of Paldän Té-shé see the same work, p. 443 et seq.

^{page 83 note 1} Nart'ang lamasery. This is the high road between Tibet and Nepal. It appears to be that followed part of the way by Nain Singh. The Chinese names do not admit of accurate identification.

^{page 83 note 2} Tra-shi-k'ang. Five miles W. of it there is an iron chain bridge across the Yaru-tsang-po. The Hsi-chao t'u lüeh gives the following indications concerning this road: “From Trashil'unpo W. to Nart'ang. Thence N.W. to the Kang-chien lamasery (ssŭ), thence N. to Hua-sai-tzŭ. Then W. to the Ko-teng shan gorge (chia), where there are two roads. The main road leads W., from Pengtsoling due S. by Chia-tang to La-tzŭ, the other W. a little S. by Chu-o-lung to La–tzŭ. From La–tzŭ the road leads S. to Chia-tso shan, thence down the mountain a little N. to To-chia. Thence W. to Lo-lo, thence due S. to Hsieh-ka-ehr. Here, having crossed the river, one goes S.W. to Mi-ma, thence S. to Ting-ri. Then S.W. to Tung-la-shan. Then due W. to Pa-tu-ehr. Again W. to Ta-ehr-chieh-ling. Then S.W. to Pa-chia-ling. Then S. to Nieb-la-mu. See Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, III. 31.

^{page 84 note 1} Called Tai-ling by the Chinese. It was probably originally a camp created during the Chinese Tibetan expedition in 1720. T'any means “a post station,” perhaps it would be better to thus translate it, at least in some cases. Chia-sa, the Jasa, is a small affluent of the Nya-ch'u.

^{page 85 note 1} Chango in the Horba country, a good-sized village on the Za-ch'u, with a very large and influential lamasery.

^{page 85 note 2} The chief village of the Chuwo Déba, one of the five principal chiefs of the Horba.

^{page 85 note 3} The capital of Horba Kangsar.

^{page 85 note 4} Bérim, the residence of one of the Horba Débas. The river is the Za-ch'u. A-chia-la-lo is Aja-golok.

^{page 85 note 5} Sder-gi (pron. Dergé), the most influential State in Eastern Tibet.

^{page 85 note 6} Also called Ko-ts'ung, Hsi-T'sang t'u k'ao, IV. 1. The same work gives Ch'un-ko-hsi-ho as an alternative name of No. 28.

^{page 85 note 7} Called, I was told in the country, Korchink'a or Déchink'a.

^{page 86 note 1} The Ts'ang chih counts 39 stages and 1775 li, Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'ao, loc. cit Cf. Hsi-Ts'ang chien-wen-lu, II. 26.

^{page 86 note 2} The road is really a very good and easy one, and much travelled at the present day.

^{page 87 note 1} Métri gong.

^{page 87 note 2} i.e.between Lh'asa and Shigatsé.

^{page 87 note 3} Road between Shigatsé and Kathmandu.

^{page 88 note 1} Probably the Sakya convent.

^{page 89 note 1} The K'ampa-partse of our maps. This itinerary is taken from Hsi-Ta'ang chien wen lu, II. p. 33. In the original the last three stages are (8) Pai-ti to Pa-tzŭ, 110 li; (9) Pa-tzŭ by Ch'ü-shui to Neng kung-pa, 90 li; (10) Neng-kung pa by Tu-lung ch'iung to Lh'asa, 70 li Total distance from Trashil'unpo, 840 li.

^{page 89 note 2} Sung-p'an is a subprefecture in Lnng-an Fu, Ssu-ch'nan. See Playfair, , The Cities and Towns of China, No. 6753, p. 315Google Scholar. This road is only followed by a few pilgrims from around the Kokonor and by the Sung-p'an traders (called Sharba) among the Golok and the other Tibetan tribes of N.E. Tibet.

^{page 90 note 1} Also called Huang ho (Yellow River), Hsi-Ts'ang tu k'ao, IV. 4. Soloma is the Mongol name of the Upper Huang ho, called in Tibetan Ma ch'u The place referred to is at Karma t'ang, the Hsing su hai of the Chinese.

^{page 90 note 2} This is N.W. of Lh'asa, the road is still used to go to Trashil'unpo (see Peking Gazette, January 24, 1886). Klaproth, , op. cit. p. 43Google Scholar, says it is the river Yang-pa-chan ch'u, but our text and all Chinese works I have consulted, speak of it as a pass (). Galtsang guja is on one of the branches of the Murus, the Dré ch'u of the Tibetans.

^{page 90 note 3} Tengri nor probably.

^{page 90 note 4} Probably Karchen of our maps.

^{page 91 note 1} The Chomora lake of our maps(?).

^{page 90 note 2} Appears to be at or near the Atag hopchiga of Prjevalsky. Cf. de Rhins, Dutreuil, L'Asie Centrale, pp. 354, 390, etc.Google Scholar, and Hsi-Ts'ang chien wen lu, II. 31.

^{page 92 note 1} Lamatolha, “lama's head.” There is a hill of this name about twenty miles S. of the Yellow River, near the Tsa-ka nor (i.e. Karma t'ang).

^{page 92 note 2} Called Dré ch'u by the natives. The Upper Yang-tzŭ.

^{page 92 note 3} Iké nomoran, “the big Komoran (pass).” Nomoran means “easy” in Mongol.

^{page 93 note 1} Kara usu, “Black River.” In Tibetan Nag ch'u has the same meaning.

^{page 93 note 2} Cf. infrà, where this itinerary is given from another source with some detail.

^{page 96 note 1} So-hu-lu may possibly be for So-lo-ma, i.e. the Yellow River. Horace della Penna (Markham's Tibet, p. 312) speaks of the Zoloma, and Capt. Turner, Samuel, op. cit. p. 274Google Scholar, refers to this river as Sullum.

^{page 96 note 2} Kuei-tê t'ing on the Yellow River, a border post in S.W. Kan-su.

^{page 96 note 3} Locally called Kajar, Kashan on our maps; it is N. of Kuei-te. Or else Kuo-mi=Gomi.

^{page 96 note 4} In the Nan ch'uan, about two miles E. of Kumbum (T'a-ehr ssŭ).

^{page 97 note 1} This and the preceding itinerary are in Western Kan-su.

^{page 97 note 2} Written in the twenty-seventh year of Ch'ien-lung (A.D. 1759). This road is no longer followed by caravans to or from Lh'asa, except W. of the Dré-ch'u.

^{page 98 note 1} Arik is probably the Mongol Alang, or Areki, S. of the Burhan bota pass in the Ts'aidam.

^{page 98 note 2} Kou means “ditch, gutter.”

^{page 98 note 3} Or Soloma.

^{page 99 note 1} This name, meaning “lama head,” must be a common one in the country for bare hills of a rounded form.

^{page 100 note 1} Or “Anidaiji” may be the name of a tribe.

^{page 101 note 1} i.e. Mishmis, Abors, Lepchas, etc., between Tibet and India.

^{page 102 note 1} Also given in Hsi-Ts'ang t'u k'oo, IV. p. 7.

^{page 102 note 2} Bulak, Mongol for “source of river, spring,”

^{page 103 note 1} Baga, in Mongol, means “little” Iké, “big.”

^{page 104 note 1} Probably Lamatolha, S. of Karma-t'ang.

^{page 104 note 2} i.e. Karma-t'ang , the “Starry plain,” the Odontala of the Mongols.

^{page 104 note 3} li-pu is Shang in S.E. Ts'aidam.

^{page 104 note 4} Shabarté is a little Mongol camp north of the Bayan gol, and about 40 miles from the village of Baron.

^{page 104 note 5} Probably the Kashu ossu, which flows out of the Timurté range into the Dabesun nor, S. of Dulan-kuo; this village did not exist when this itinerary was written. It was built about forty years ago.

^{page 105 note 1} A pass over the South Kokonor range into the Buha gol valley.

^{page 105 note 2} Tsahan obo, in Mongol, “the white obo.” Obo is a Mongolized Tibetan word, and means “pile of stones.” In Tibetan Do-bong or, according to other authorities, Do bum “a hundred thousand stones,” referring to the large number which goes to to make up one of these monuments. I prefer the first etymology. This locality is probably near the N.W.corner of the Kokonor.

^{page 105 note 3} Stages 71 and 72 are to he looked for in the Hsi-ning ho valley.

^{page 105 note 4} Huc's Tang-keou-Eul, Prjevalsky's Donkir or Tonkir. Horace della Penna (Markham's Tibet, p. 313) calls it Tongor. He also speaks of Kumbum, calling it Kung-bung. Turner, , Embassy to Camp of Teshoo Lama, p. 459Google Scholar, calls it Coomboo goombaw (gomba=lamasery).

^{page 106 note 1} Cf. what is said previously about Hsiang-ti.

^{page 107 note 1} The Ammo ch'u.

^{page 107 note 2} i.e. Sikkim.

^{page 108 note 1} People living in black tents.

^{page 109 note 1} See p. 32, in itinerary from Ch'eng-to to Ta-chien-lu.

^{page 109 note 2} The road-bed was measured.

^{page 110 note 1} S.W. of this point a few miles the road meets that from Shigatsé. See Turner, , op. cit. p. 220Google Scholar.

^{page 110 note 2} Turner's Sumdta, 14 miles from the next station, which he calls Chaloo. See Turner, , op. cit. pp. 214 and 212Google Scholar.

^{page 110 note 3} Teuna, Turner's (p. 207, op. cit.)Google Scholar. He makes it 20 miles from Teuna to Chaloo.

^{page 111 note 1} Pari, or Pari djong. It is also called in Chinese works Pa-ko li .

^{page 111 note 2} Turner's Sana, 20 miles from Pari. See Turner, , op. cit. p. 184Google Scholar.

^{page 111 note 3} Turner (p. 177) calls it the frontier village of Bhutan Rinjipo, also known as Paro, or Parogong.

^{page 111 note 4} Turner (p. 170) refers to a lamasery onthe top of Pomala.

^{page 111 note 5} Turner's Simtoka, five or six miles S.S.E. of Tassisudon.

^{page 111 note 6} The Deb Raja. Noyen is a Mongol title.

^{page 112 note 1} This is evidently Punakka.

^{page 112 note 2} See stage 27, itinerary Ta-chien lu to Lh'asa. The river is the Chin-sha A-tun-tzŭ is the chiang. Aten-tsé of the French missionaries, Atenze of T. T. Cooper. Wei-hsi, the French Ouisi, Cooper's Wei-see foo.

^{page 112 note 3} On this mission see what the French missionaries say in Desgodins' Tibet, p. 167.

^{page 112 note 4} The Ku-tao are body-guards of the Déba; at Ta-chien-lu they are called Agia.

^{note 114 note 1} Also called Guiédam by the French missionaries.

^{page 114 note 2} See Stage 22, Itinerary Ta-chien-lu to Lh'asa.

^{page 115 note 1} See Stage 22, Itinerary Ta-chien-lu to Lh'asa.

^{page 116 note 1} i.e. into the one which flows into the Chin-sha chiang at K'eng-chung ch'iao.

^{page 117 note 1} Cooper, T. T., Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce, p. 392Google Scholar, speaks of it as Tsung-tain. He did not visit it.

^{note 118 note 1} Distances and bearings taken from Lh'asa. The words in parentheses give the probable Tibetan pronunciation of the names.

^{note 119 note 1} The largest town in Wu, adds the text, having over 10,000 families. It is on the Tsang-po ch'u.

^{page 119 note 2} Distances and bearings from Shigatsé.

^{page 119 note 3} It has a population of over 30,000 families and over 7500 soldiers, says the text. This must be the population of the whole district.

^{page 120 note 1} Distances and bearings from Bat'ang.

^{page 120 note 2} Or Kon-ch'ok dzong(?).