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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011
The history of Qum exhibits a number of features common to urban and rural life in central Persia over the centuries. It also contains features which differentiate it from other towns. Today it is known as a shrine town, but this has not always been its exclusive character. It has had a complex and varied history. In medieval times it was not distinguished from the countryside around it by the existence of a civic identity, any more than were other cities. It bore the same name as the surrounding region. Qum designated both the city and the province of which it was the centre and from which it was not administratively distinct.
1 Ma'ākhidh-i taḥqīq dar bāra-i Qum: sar āghāz, (Qum, AHS 1353/1974–1975)Google Scholar.
2 Ed. Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn Tihrānī, (Tehran, AHS 1313/1935). It is referred to below as Tārīkhi Qum.
3 Ed. Tabataba'i, Modarressi, Ma'ākhidh-i taḥqīq dar bāra-i Qum, 3Google Scholar, (Qum, n.d.).
4 Ed. Tabataba'i, Modarressi, Ma'ākhidh-i taḥqīq dar bāra-i Qum, 2Google Scholar, (Qum, n.d.).
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8 Published in Modarressi Tabataba'i, Kitab-shināsī-i āthār marbūṭ bi-Qum.
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16 Schindler, Houtum, Eastern Persian Iraq, p. 58Google Scholar. This account would appear to be based on the Tārīkh-i Qum.
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27 Tārīkh-i Qum, pp. 162–3.
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60 Ibid., pp. 191, 194, 308.
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63 Ibid., p. 410.
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65 Cf. Kalāntar, Mīrzā Muḥammad, Rūznāma, ed. Iqbāl, 'Abbās (Tehran, AHS 1325/1946)Google Scholar.
66 Cf. Morier, James, A Second Journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor to Constantinople, 1810–16 (London, 1818), p. 166Google Scholar.
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71 Ibid., p. 223.
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73 Arbāb, Muḥammad Taqī Beg, Tārīkh-i dār al-īmān-i Qum, p. 60Google Scholar. See also al-Mulk, Afḍal, Afḍal al-tavārīkh, ed. Ittiḥādiyya, Manṣūra (Niẓām Māfī) and Sa'dvandiyān, Sīrūs (Tehran, AHS 1361/1982), p. 394Google Scholar. For an account of the famine see Okozaki, Shoko, “The great Persian famine of 1870–71”, BSOAS, XLIX (1986), pp. 183–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The Tehran Gazette of 24 April 1871, reported that some days previously five or six children went missing in Qum. A man was later arrested and under interrogation confessed to cannibalism. He was publicly executed in Qum on 16 April 1871 (Great Britain, Public Record Office, F.O. 60:334, enclosure in Alison, No. 64 of 29 May 1871).
74 See further Lambton, “The qanats of Qum”.
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81 See Gilbar, G. G., “The Persian economy in the mid-nineteenth century”, Die Welt des Islams, XIX (1979), pp. 182–3Google Scholar.
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84 Quoted by Issawi, op. cit., p. 34.
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88 Tārīkh-i Qum, pp. 125, 126, 128, 129, 167.
89 Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, i, pp. 170.
90 Arbāb, Muḥammad Taqī Beg, Kitābcha-i tafṣīl-i ḥālāt va nufūs va amlaāk-i dār al-imān-i Qum, p. 178Google Scholar.
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92 Quoted by Issawi, op. cit., p. 120.
93 Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, i, p. 169.
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95 Cf. J. Polak, Persien: das Land und seine Bewohner, quoted by Issawi, op. cit., p. 275.
96 Cf. Mrs Bishop, op. cit., i, p. 168.