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Portuguese and Spanish Rivalry in the Far East during the 17th Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2011

C. R. Boxer
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“Quanta sea la aversion entre Portuguéses, y Castellânos, es cósa tan sabída, que no necessita testimónios,” wrote the Spanish Friar, Juan Francisco de San Antonio, O.F.M., in his Chronicas of the Franciscan Order in the Philippines, China, and Japan, printed at the Convent of Our Lady of Loreto, at Sampaloc, a suburb of Manila, in 1738–41 (vol. ii, book i, ch. xv, page 81). Although, like most ex-cathedra pronouncements, this sweeping statement does not hold good for all times and places, it was undoubtedly correct for the region and century with which this essay is primarily concerned.

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Articles
Information
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 78 , Issue 3-4 , July 1946 , pp. 150 - 164
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1946

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References

page 150 note 1 Cf. Wyngaert, A. P. Van den, Sinica Franciscana, vol. ii (Quarachi-Firenze, 1933)Google Scholar; any of the numerous editions of Gonzales de Mendoca's Historia de las cosas mas notables, ritos y costumbres del Gran Reyno de la China; Colin-Pastells, , Labor Evangelka (3 vols., Barcelona, 1904)Google Scholar; Bernard, P. Henri, S. J., Les lies Philippines du grand archipel de la Chine. Un essai de Gonguete spirittielle de l'Extreme-Orient. (Tientsin, 1936.)Google Scholar Ch. iv, La Reaction Portugaise aux entreprises Eapagnoles; Teixeira, P. Manuel, Macau e a sua Diocese, vol. ii, pp. 122–141. (Macau, 1940.)Google Scholar

page 151 note 1 Allusions to the voyage of Dom Joāo da Gama are to be found in Luis Frois, S.J., Carta Anna de 1589; Archivo Portuguez-Oriental, vol. iii, pp. 169–276Google Scholar; Colin-Pastells, , Labor Evangelica, vol. ii, pp. 202–4Google Scholar; and Valle, Del and Pastells, , Catalogo de Los Documentos relativos a las islas Filipinas en el Archivo de Sevilla. (Barcelona, 1928–1936Google Scholar; passim.) The best discussion of the voyages of Francisco Galli across the Pacific is by J. C. M. Warnsinck (whose untimely death in 1944 was such a loss to students of Naval and Colonial History) in the masterly introduction to his Linschoten, Society edition of the Itinerario. (Hague, 1939.)Google Scholar

page 152 note 1 The Spanish side of the Pinhal expedition is given at length in the reports of Hemando de los Eios Coronel (this last being a surname and not a military rank as Kammerer erroneously surmises) and DrMorga, Antonio de, in the latter's classical Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas, of which the best edition is that by Retaña, W. E. (Madrid, 1910)Google Scholar. The Portuguese version is given briefly by Diogo do Couto, Decada XII, Book ii, ch. xi.

page 153 note 1 For the see-saw Molucca campaigns of 1601–6, cf. W. E. Retaña's edition of Morga's, Sucessos de las islas Filipinos (Madrid, 1910)Google Scholar; Argensola, Leonardo de, Conquista de las Islas Malucas (Madrid, 1609)Google Scholar; Colin-Pastells, , Labor Evangelica, vol. iii (Barcelona, 1934)Google Scholar; and Coleccion de documentos ineditos para la historia de Espana, vol. lii (Madrid).

page 154 note 1 C. R. Boxer, , Subsidios para a historia dos Capitals Gerais e Governadores de Macau (1557–1770), pp. 20–21, and sources there quoted (Macau, 1944)Google Scholar.

page 155 note 1 Bocarro, Antonio, Decada XIII (Lisbon, 1876)Google Scholar; Coleccion de doc. ined. para la hist, de Espana, vol. lii.

page 156 note 1 Padre Manuel Teixeira, Macau e a sua Diocese, vol. ii. Bispos e Governadoreado Bispado de Macau (Macau, 1940). pp. 89–94Google Scholar.

page 157 note 1 For this expedition cf. documents printed in Del Valle & Pastells Catalogo de los Documentos, op. cit., vols. v, vi, and vii, passim. Boearro, Antonio, Decada XIII, pp. 291–3Google Scholar and 298. Goncalo de Siqueira de Souza was later the first properly accredited European Ambassador to Japan, whither he was sent by King John IV of Portugal in 1647, although the Japanese refused to allow him to land at Nagasaki.

page 158 note 1 English translations of the memorials of Diego Aduarte, O.P., and Hernando de Los Rios Coronel are given in Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, vol. xviii, pp. 194–203, and vol. xix, pp. 183–297. Cf. also the celebrated Memorial of Grau y Monfalcon dated 1640, reprinted by Alvarez de Abreu (Madrid, 1736), and in English translation in vol. xxx of Blair and Robertson, op. oit.

page 159 note 1 Boxer, C. R., “Portuguese Commercial Voyages to Japan 300 years ago, 1630–39,” in Trans. Japan Society, London, vol. xxxi, pp. 27–77 (London, 1934)Google Scholar, and “Um Memorial da Cidade de Macau ha 300 anos 1631–35”, in Boletim Edesiastico de Macau, vol. xxxv, pp. 29–43 (Macau, 1937)Google Scholar.

page 160 note 1 Other Portuguese sources include Antonio Bocarro, Livro do Estado da India Oriental (MS. of 1635); Diario do 3° Conde de Linhares Visorei da India (Lisbon, 1933); the relevant portions of the former being reproduced in C. R. Boxer, Macau na epoca da Bestauraçāo (Macau 300 years ago), printed in Portuguese and English at the Imprensa Nacional, Macau, 1942. For the Spanish sources (Colin-Pastells; Blair and Robertson, etc.), cf. notes 1 and 2 supra.

page 161 note 1 Printed in full on pp. 75–6 of my article Subsidios para a historia dos Capitāis-Gerais e Governadores de Macau 1557–1770 (Macau, 1944)Google Scholar.

page 162 note 1 This correspondence is printed on pp. 216–236 of my edition of Maria's, Frei Jose de JesusAzia Sinica e Japonica (Macau, 1941)Google Scholar.

page 163 note 1 The Senate of Macao specifically had in view the Memorials of Don Juan Grau y Monfalcon (Madrid, 1638), and Don Pedro Quiroga y Mora who paid a visit of inspection to Acapulco in 1635.

page 163 note 2 For details of the Portuguese Restoration in Macao and its immediate effect on the Manila trade, cf. Boxer, C. R., Macau 300 years ago, pp. 139–144 (Macao, 1942)Google Scholar.

page 164 note 1 For the Jesuit-Franciscan controversy of 1640–44, cf. Teixeira, Padre Manuel, Macau e a sua Diocese, vol. ii, pp. 130–142Google Scholar, and for the Ciprianoaffair, ibidem pp. 104–7, and Navarrete, , Controversial antiguas y modernas (Madrid, 1679), pp. 435–6Google Scholar.