Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:44:06.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Notes on the speech of the Afro-Baloch of the southern coast of Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2019

AGNES KORN  and
MARYAM NOURZAEI
AGNES KORN
Affiliation:
CNRS; Mondes iranien et indien [email protected]
MARYAM NOURZAEI
Affiliation:
Uppsala [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of the present article is to describe the morphosyntactic properties of Iranian Coastal Balochi as spoken by the Afro-Balochi community. The Afro-Baloch have completely switched to Balochi and there are no traces of African languages in their speech. In comparison with other Balochi dialects of Iran on the one hand and Coastal Balochi dialects of Pakistan on the other, Coastal Balochi as spoken in Iran shows archaic characteristics, particularly in its case system, in the demonstrative pronouns and in the alignment features. This particularly applies to the speech of the Afro-Baloch, who due to persisting social segregation have limited access to education and media.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , October 2019 , pp. 623 - 657
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This article is a revised version of Korn and Nourzaei (2018) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1356186318000238], correcting errors that occurred during the editing process, and taking into account some details that have come to our attention in the meantime.

References

Adamík, Jozef, ‘The Origins and Dialect Differentiation of Balōčī: Chronological Reconstruction of Developments in the Nominal Morphology’ (unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1977).Google Scholar
Ahangar, Abbas Ali, ‘A description of the verbal system in Sarhaddi Balochi of Granchin’, Orientalia Suecana 56 (2007), pp. 5–24.Google Scholar
Anonby, Erik, ‘Stress-induced Vowel Lengthening and Harmonization in Kumzari’, Orientalia Suecana 61 (2013), pp. 54–58.Google Scholar
Axenov, Serge, The Balochi Language of Turkmenistan (Uppsala, 2006).Google Scholar
Baranzehi, Adam Nader, ‘The Sarawani dialect of Balochi and Persian influence on it’, in Jahani / Korn, 2003, pp. 75–111.Google Scholar
Barker, Muhammad A. and Mengal, Aqil Khan, A Course in Baluchi (Montreal, 1969).Google Scholar
Bashir, Elena, ‘Some Transitional Features of Eastern Balochi: An Areal and Diachronic Perspective’, in Jahani / Korn / Titus, 2008, pp. 45–82.Google Scholar
Brandenstein, Wilhelm and Mayrhofer, Manfred, Handbuch des Altpersischen (Wiesbaden, 1964).Google Scholar
Buddruss, Georg, Aus dem Leben eines jungen Balutschen, von ihm selbst erzählt (Stuttgart, 1988).Google Scholar
Burton, Richard, Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus; with notices of the topography and history of the province (London, 1851).Google Scholar
Collett, Nigel A., A Grammar, Phrase Book and Vocabulary of Baluchi (Abingdon, 1983)Google Scholar
Dames, Mansel Longworth, A Sketch of the Northern Balochi Language, containing a grammar, vocabulary and specimens of the language (Extra number of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal I/1880). (Calcutta, 1881).Google Scholar
Dames, Mansel Longworth, A text book of the Balochi language, consisting of miscellaneous stories, legends, poems, and Balochi-English vocabulary (Lahore, 1922).Google Scholar
Dolatkhah, Sohrab, Csató, Éva and Karakoç, Birsel, ‘On the marker -(y)akï in Kashkay’, in Turks and Iranians. Interactions in Language and History. The Gunnar Jarring Memorial Program at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, (eds.) Csató, Éva, Johanson, Lars, Róna-Tas, András, Utas, Bo (Wiesbaden, 2016), pp. 284–295.Google Scholar
Elfenbein, Josef, A Baluchi Miscellany of Erotica and Poetry. Codex Oriental Additional 24048 of the British Library (Naples, 1983).Google Scholar
Elfenbein, Josef, ‘Baluchistan III: Baluchi language and literature’, in Encyclopædia Iranica III (New York, 1989), pp. 633–644.Google Scholar
Sultana, Farhat, ‘Gwat and Gwat-i leb: Spirit Healing and Social Change in Makran’, in Marginality and Modernity: Ethnicity and Change in Post-colonial Balochistan, (ed.) Titus, Paul (Karachi, 1996), pp. 28–50.Google Scholar
Farrell, Tim, Basic Balochi. An introductory course (Naples, 1990).Google Scholar
Farrell, Tim, ‘Fading Ergativity? A Study of Ergativity in Balochi’, in Subject, Voice and Ergativity, Selected Essays, (eds.) Bynon, Theodora, Bennett, David C., George Hewitt, B. (London, 1995) pp. 218–243.Google Scholar
Farrell, Tim, ‘Linguistic influences on the Balochi Spoken in Karachi’, in Jahani / Korn, 2003, pp. 169–210.Google Scholar
Geiger, Wilhelm, ‘Die Sprache der Balūtschen’, in Grundriss der iranischen Philologie I/2, (eds.) Geiger, Wilhelm, Kuhn, Ernst (Strassburg, 1901), pp. 231–248.Google Scholar
Gilbertson, George W., The Balochi Language. A grammar and manual (Hertford, 1923).Google Scholar
Grierson, George A., Linguistic Survey of India X: Specimens of Languages of the Eranian Family (Calcutta, 1921).Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, Cognitive foundations of grammar (New York and Oxford, 1997).Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania, World Lexicon of Grammaticalization (Cambridge, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, Karl and Forssman, Bernhard, Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre (Innsbruck, 1996).Google Scholar
Jahani, Carina, ‘The Case System in Iranian Balochi in a Contact Linguistic Perspective’, in Jahani / Korn, 2003, pp. 113–132.Google Scholar
Jahani, Carina, ‘Prospectivity in Persian and Balochi and the Preterite for Non-Past Events’, in Korn / Nevskaya, 2017, pp. 259–273.Google Scholar
Jahani, Carina and Korn, Agnes, ‘Balochi’, in Windfuhr, 2009, pp. 634–692.Google Scholar
Jahani, Carina and Korn, Agnes (eds.), The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times (Wiesbaden, 2003).Google Scholar
Jahani, Carina, Korn, Agnes and Titus, Paul (eds.), The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, historical and socio-political perspectives on pluralism in Balochistan (Wiesbaden, 2008).Google Scholar
Korn, Agnes, ‘Das Nominalsystem des Balochi, mitteliranisch betrachtet’, in Indogermanica: Festschrift Gert Klingenschmitt. Indische, iranische und indogermanische Studien dem verehrten Jubilar dargebracht zu seinem fünfundsechzigsten Geburtstag, (ed.) Schweiger, Günter (Taimering, 2005). pp. 289–302.Google Scholar
Korn, Agnes (2008a) ‘The nominal systems of Balochi: How many grammars?’, in Jahani / Korn / Titus, 2008, pp. 167–194.Google Scholar
Korn, Agnes (2008b) ‘A New Locative Case in Turkmenistan Balochi’, Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2008), pp. 83–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korn, Agnes (2008c) ‘Marking of arguments in Balochi ergative and mixed constructions’, in Aspects of Iranian Linguistics, (eds.) Karimi, Simin, Samiian, Vida, Stilo, Donald (Newcastle, 2008), pp. 249–276. http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/mix.pdfGoogle Scholar
Korn, Agnes (2009b) ‘Western Iranian Pronominal Clitics’, Orientalia Suecana 58 (2009), pp. 159–171.Google Scholar
Korn, Agnes (2009a) ‘The Ergative System in Balochi from a Typological Perspective’, Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies 1 (2009), pp. 43–79. http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/ergativ.pdfGoogle Scholar
Korn, Agnes ‘Looking for the Middle Way: Voice and Transitivity in Complex Predicates in Iranian’, Lingua 135 (2013), pp. 30–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korn, Agnes (2017a) ‘Notes on the Nominal System of Bashkardi’, Transactions of the Philological Society 115 (2017), pp. 79–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korn, Agnes (2017b) ‘Verbal nouns in Balochi’, in Verbal Adjectives and Participles in Indo-European Languages / Adjectifs verbaux et participes dans les langues indo-européennes, (eds.) Feuvre, Claire Le, Petit, Daniel and Pinault, Georges-Jean (Bremen, 2017), pp. 119–140.Google Scholar
Korn, Agnes, Haig, Geoffrey, Karimi, Simin and Samvelian, Pollet (eds.), Topics in Iranian Linguistics (Wiesbaden, 2011).Google Scholar
Korn, Agnes and Nevskaya, Irina (eds.), Prospective and Proximative in Turkic, Iranian and beyond (Wiesbaden, 2017).Google Scholar
Korn, Agnes and Nourzaei, Maryam, ‘‘Those were the hungry years’: A glimpse of Coastal Afro-Balochi’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28/4 (2018), pp.661–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazard, Gilbert, ‘La catégorie de l’éventuel’, Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste (Paris, 1975), pp. 347–358.Google Scholar
Lecoq, Pierre, ‘Le classement des langues irano-ariennes occidentales’, in Études irano-aryennes offertes à Gilbert Lazard (Studia Iranica Cahier 7), (eds.) Fouchécour, Charles-Henri de, Gignoux, Philippe (Paris, 1989), pp. 247–264.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, D. Neil, ‘The Indirect Affectee in Pahlavi’, in Dr. J. M. Unvala Memorial Volume (Bombay, 1964), pp. 45–48 (= id. 1999: Iranica Diversa I. Rome, pp. 3–6).Google Scholar
Mockler, Edward, A Grammar of the Baloochee Language, as it is spoken in Makrān (ancient Gedrosia), in the Persi-Arabic and Roman characters (London, 1877).Google Scholar
Nawata, Tetsuo, Baluchi (Tokyo, 1981).Google Scholar
Nicolini, Beatrice, ‘The 19th Century Slave Trade in the Western Indian Ocean: The Role of the Baloch Mercenaries’, in Jahani / Korn / Titus, 2008, pp. 326–344.Google Scholar
Noraiee, Hoshang, ‘Change and Continuity: Power and Religion in Balochistan’, in Jahani / Korn / Titus, 2008, pp. 345–364.Google Scholar
Nourzaei, Maryam, Participant Reference in Three Balochi Dialects: Male and Female Narrations of Folktales and Biographical Tales (Uppsala, 2017). http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1069126&dswid=-6317Google Scholar
Nourzaei, Maryam, Participant Reference in Three Balochi Dialects: Male and Female Narrations of Folktales and Biographical Tales: Appendix B-D. http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1069126&dswid=-6317Google Scholar
Nourzaei, Maryam and Jahani, Carina, ‘The Distribution and Role of the Verb Clitic = a/a = in Different Balochi Dialects’, Orientalia Suecana 61 (2012), pp. 170–186.Google Scholar
Nourzaei, Maryam, Jahani, Carina, Anonby, Erik and Ahangar, Abbas Ali, Koroshi. A Corpus-based Grammatical Description (Uppsala, 2015). http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A810250&dswid=-7311Google Scholar
Pierce, E., ‘A description of the Mekranee-Beloochee dialect’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (Bombay, 1874), pp. 1–98.Google Scholar
Prasad, Kiran Kamal and Angenot, Jean-Pierre (eds.), TADIA. The African Diaspora in Asia (Bangalore, 2008).Google Scholar
Sims-Williams, Nicholas, ‘Differential Object Marking in Bactrian’, in Korn / Haig / Karimi / Samvelian, 2011, pp. 23–38.Google Scholar
Sims-Williams, Nicholas, ‘The Triple System of Deixis in Sogdian’, Transactions of the Philological Society 92 (1994), pp. 41–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokolov, Sergej N., ‘Grammatičeskij očerk jazyka beludžej Sovetskogo Sojuza’, in Trudy Instituta Jazykoznanija 6 (Moscow, 1956), pp. 57–91.Google Scholar
Spooner, Brian, ‘Notes on the Balochī Spoken in Persian Baluchistan’, Iran 5 (1967), pp. 51–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tafazzoli, Ahmad, ‘The ‘Indirect Affectee’ in Pahlavi and in a Central Dialect of Iran’, in Studia grammatica iranica: Festschrift für Helmut Humbach, (eds.) Schmitt, Rüdiger, Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (Munich, 1986), pp. 483–487.Google Scholar
Tedesco, Paul, ‘Dialektologie der mitteliranischen Turfantexte’, Monde Oriental 15 (1921), pp. 184–258.Google Scholar
Vafaeian, Ghazaleh, Progressives in use and contact: A descriptive, areal and typological study with special focus on selected Iranian languages (Stockholm, 2018). http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-155533.Google Scholar
Vydrin, Arseniy, ‘Counterfactual Mood in Iranian’, in Korn / Haig / Karimi / Samvelian, 2011, pp. 69–86.Google Scholar
Vydrin, Arseniy, ‘Two Ossetic constructions with the future participle: prospective-intention and necessity’, in Korn / Nevskaya, 2017, pp. 145–160.Google Scholar
Windfuhr, Gernot, ‘Dialectology and Topics’, in Windfuhr, 2009, pp. 5–42.Google Scholar
Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.), The Iranian Languages (London and New York, 2009).Google Scholar
Yadegari, Abdolhossein, ‘Pluralism and Change in Iranian Balochistan’, in Jahani / Korn / Titus, 2008, pp. 253–258.Google Scholar
Yutaka, Yoshida, ‘Minor moods in Sogdian’, in East and West: Papers in Indo-European studies, (eds.) Yoshida, Kazuhiko, Vine, Brent (Bremen, 2009), pp. 281–293.Google Scholar
Yūsefiyān, Pākzād, ‘Gorūh-e esmī, feʿlī va qeidī-ye zabān-e balūčī (gūyeš-e lāšārī)’, (unpublished MA thesis, University of Tehran, 1992 / 1371 h.š.)Google Scholar
Yūsefiyān, Pākzād, ‘Touṣīf-e gorūh-e esmī-ye gūyeš-e balūčī’, Gūyeš-šenāsī / Dialectology 1 (2005), pp. 82–102.Google Scholar