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‘Laissez-faire’ or Active Intervention? The Nature of the British and Foreign Bible Society's Patronage of the Translation of the Chinese Union Versions1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2010

GEORGE KAM WAH MAK
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Abstract

This paper investigates the nature of the British and Foreign Bible Society's (BFBS) patronage of the translation of the Chinese Union Versions (CUVs), the largest Chinese Protestant Bible translation project initiated by the western Protestant churches in the nineteenth century. Drawing on André Lefevere's concept of patronage, it delves into how the BFBS served as a controlling factor of the translation of the CUV by examining the BFBS's financial support to the translation project, conferment of honorary titles to the translators and ideological influence on the translators’ choice of Greek text as the basis for the CUVs New Testament translation.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 20 , Issue 2 , April 2010 , pp. 167 - 190
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 2010

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Footnotes

1

This paper is based on my work presented at the Third International Postgraduate Conference in Translation and Interpreting held at the University of Edinburgh on 2nd and 3rd November 2007.

References

Bibliography

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Letter from W. Wright to D. Lockhart, 22nd September, 1890Google Scholar
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37. Vance, Laurence M.. A Brief History of English Bible Translations. Pensacola: Vance Publications, 1993.Google Scholar
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1. BSA/A1/3 Google Scholar
Minutes of Special General Meeting, 9th October, 1901Google Scholar
2. BSA/B1 Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS General Committee, 31st July, 1876Google Scholar
3. BSA /C1/2/3 Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS China Sub-Committee, 10th February, 1890Google Scholar
4. BSA/C17/1/14 Google Scholar
Circular issued by William Wright, Editorial Superintendent, 29th June, 1881, attachment to Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 15th June, 1881Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 28th September, 1881Google Scholar
5. BSA/C17/1/19 Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 1st October, 1890Google Scholar
6. BSA/C17/1/20 Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 27th May, 1891Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 3rd February, 1892Google Scholar
7. BSA/C17/1/28-32 Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 29th October, 1902Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 22nd April, 1903Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 24th June, 1903Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 25th November, 1903Google Scholar
8. BSA/C17/33-34 Google Scholar
‘Rules for the Guidance of Translators, Revisers, and Editors, Working in Connection with the Society’, in Minutes of the Special Meeting of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 12th November, 1906Google Scholar
9. BSA/C17/1/41-46 Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 4th April, 1917Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 9th May, 1917Google Scholar
10. BSA/D1/7/146 Google Scholar
Letter from A. Wylie to C. Jackson, 17th February, 1876Google Scholar
Letter from A. Wylie to C. Jackson, 23rd February, 1876Google Scholar
11. BSA/E3/1/4/26 Google Scholar
Letter from G. B. Taylor to W. Wright, 13th August, 1890Google Scholar
12. BSA/E3/1/4/27 Google Scholar
Letter from W. J. Slowan to W. Wright, 12th May, 1891Google Scholar
13. BSA/E3/1/4/28 Google Scholar
Letter from E. Faber, T. Bryson, C. W. Mateer and Y. J. Allen to BFBS, ABS and NBSS, 25th August, 1891Google Scholar
14. BSA/E3/2/10 Google Scholar
Letter from W. Wright to W. J. Slowan, 25th September, 1891Google Scholar
Letter from W. Wright to Y. J. Allen, 11th December, 1891Google Scholar
Letter from W. Wright to A. Kenmure, 21st January, 1892Google Scholar
Letter from W. Wright to Y. J. Allen, 16th February, 1892Google Scholar
15. BSA/E3/2/14 Google Scholar
Letter from W. Wright to W. J. Slowan, 4th January, 1898Google Scholar
16. BSA/E3/2/16 Google Scholar
Letter from J. Sharp to C. G. H. Baskcomb, 28th May, 1902Google Scholar
17. BSA/E3/3/89/1 Google Scholar
Letter from G. H. Bondfield to R. Kilgour, 16th March, 1910Google Scholar
Letter from C. Goodrich to G. H. Bondfield, 23rd December, 1910Google Scholar
Report of Sub-Committee on Revision of Chinese Old Testament, National Bible Society of Scotland Google Scholar
Special Report by the General Secretary of Bible Revision Executive Committees and Secretary of Revision Finance Committee, 11th January, 1912Google Scholar
Letter from G. H. Bondfield to R. Kilgour, 12th January, 1912Google Scholar
18. BSA/E3/3/89/2 Google Scholar
Interview with Mr. James Murray, Glasgow, 24th March, 1913Google Scholar
Letter from R. Kilgour to James Murray, 26th March, 1913Google Scholar
19. BSA/E3/3/89/5 Google Scholar
Minutes of Revision Finance Committee, 22nd March, 1918Google Scholar
Letter from G. H. Bondfield to R. Kilgour, 28th March, 1918Google Scholar
20. BSA/E3/7/3 Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 6th June, 1906Google Scholar
Minutes of BFBS Editorial Sub-Committee, 2nd February, 1912Google Scholar
21. BSA/G1/1 Google Scholar
Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1805–1965Google Scholar
22. BSA/G1/2 Google Scholar
The Word Among the Nations: A Popular Illustrated Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society for the Year 1908–1909 Google Scholar
1. Aland, Kurt and Aland, Barbara. The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F.. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans, 1989.Google Scholar
2. Bays, Daniel H. ed. Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
3. Chao, Yuen Ren. Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
4. China Centenary Missionary Conference Records: Report of the Great Conference held at Shanghai, April 5th [read 25th] to May 8th, 1907. New York: American Tracts Society, 1907.Google Scholar
5. Chirgwin, A. M.. A Book in His Hand: A Manual of Colportage. London: United Bible Societies, 1954.Google Scholar
6. The Codex Sinaiticus and the Codex of Alexandrinus. London: Trustees of British Museum, 1955.Google Scholar
7. Dwight, H. O.. The Centennial History of the American Bible Society. New York: Macmillan, 1916.Google Scholar
8. Eber, Irene, Wan, Sze-kar and Walf, Knut, ed. Bible in Modern China: The Literary and Intellectual Impact. Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1999.Google Scholar
9. Fawcett, Peter. ‘Ideology and Translation’. In Baker, Mona, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London; New York: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
10. Gibson, J. C.. ‘Scripture Translation’. Chinese Recorder, May 1891.Google Scholar
11. Giles, Herbert A.. ‘The New Testament in Chinese’, The China Review 10.Google Scholar
12. Goodall, Norman. A History of the London Missionary Society 1895–1945. London: Oxford University Press, 1954.Google Scholar
13. Goodrich, C.. ‘A Translation of the Bible for Three Hundred Millions’. Chinese Recorder, October 1912.Google Scholar
14. Greek-English New Testament: Greek Text Novum Testamentum Graece, in the Tradition of Eberhard Nestle and Erwin Nestle. Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 2001.Google Scholar
15. Hermans, Theo, ed. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. New York:> St. Martin Press, 1985.Google Scholar
16. Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
17. Lefevere, André. Translation, Rewriting and Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
18. BSA/E3/2/9 Google Scholar
Letter from W. Wright to D. Lockhart, 22nd September, 1890Google Scholar
‘Letter from Edward W. Gilman to Rev. J. W. Stevenson, Oct. 3rd 1890’. Chinese Recorder, December 1890.Google Scholar
19. MacGillivray, D. ed. A Century of Protestant Missions in China (1807–1907) Being the Centenary Conference Historical Volume. Shanghai: The American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1907.Google Scholar
20. Mai, Jinhua 麥 金 華 [Mak, George K. W.]. Daying Shengshu Gonghui yu Guanhua Heheben Shengjing Fanyi [The British and Foreign Bible Society and the Translation of the Mandarin Chinese Union Version]. Hong Kong: Christian Study Centre on Chinese Religion and Culture (forthcoming 2010).Google Scholar
21. Mateer, C. W.. ‘Bishop Moule and Chinese Bible Revision’. Chinese Recorder, March 1891.Google Scholar
22. Mateer, C. W.. ‘Lessons Learned in Translating the Bible into Mandarin’. Chinese Recorder, November 1908.Google Scholar
23. ‘Meeting of the Board of Revisers’. Chinese Recorder, January 1892.Google Scholar
24. Metzger, Bruce M.. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
25. Morris, Henry. Founders and First Three Presidents of the Bible Society. London: The Religious Tracts Society, 1895.Google Scholar
26. Moule, G. E.. ‘Bishop Moule on the Greek Text of the New Testament’. Chinese Recorder, January 1892.Google Scholar
27. Norton, Gerard J.. ‘Ancient Versions of the Old Testament’. In Rogerson, J. W. and Lieu, Judith M., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
28. Palmer, E. ed. The Greek New Testament with the Readings adopted by the Revisers of the Authorised Version. Oxford: Clarendon, 1881.Google Scholar
29. Roe, J. M.. A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society (1905–1954). London: the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1965.Google Scholar
30. Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China, held at Shanghai, 7–20 May 1890. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1890.Google Scholar
31. Scrivener, F. H. A. ed. The New Testament in the Original Greek according to the Text followed in the Authorised Version together with the Variations adopted in the Revised Version. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1881.Google Scholar
32. Smalley, William A.. Translation as Mission: Bible Translation in the Modern Missionary Movement. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
33. Spillett, Hubert W.. A Catalogue of Scriptures in the Languages of China and the Republic of China. London: The British and Foreign Bible Society, 1975.Google Scholar
34. Steer, Roger. ‘“Without Note or Comment”: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow’. In Kathleen, Stephen Cann, Batalden, and Dean, John, ed., Sowing the Word: The Cultural Impact of the British and Foreign Bible Society 1804–2004, Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2004.Google Scholar
35. Su, Ching 蘇 精. Zhongguo Kaimen! Ma Lixun Ji Xianguan Renwu Yenjiu 中 國 ， 開 門 ！ 馬 禮 遜 及 相 關 人 物 研 究 [Open Up, China! Studies on Robert Morrison and His Circle]. Hong Kong: Christina Study Centre on Chinese Religion and Culture, 2005.Google Scholar
36. Union Version of the New Testament, The Gospel of S. John, Kuan Hua Translation, Tentative Edition Shanghai: the British and Foreign Bible Society, the American Bible Society and the National Bible Society of Scotland, 1900.Google Scholar
37. Vance, Laurence M.. A Brief History of English Bible Translations. Pensacola: Vance Publications, 1993.Google Scholar
38. Simon, S. M. Wong, 黃 錫 木. ‘Shengjing Fanyi he Chuanbo zi Liu-Huaren Shengjing Fanyi de Gongzuo (Shang)’ ⌜ 聖 經 翻 譯 和 傳 播 ⌟ 之 六 － 華 人 聖 經 翻 譯 的 工 作 （ 上 ）. Christian Times 時 代 論 壇, 23rd May 2004.Google Scholar
39. Wright, William. ‘The Forward Movement in China’. The Contemporary Review, October 1890.Google Scholar
40. Zetzsche, J. O.. The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version or the Culmination of Protestant Missionaries Bible Translation in China. Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1999.Google Scholar