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Islam and the Protected Religions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2011

Extract

In legal terminology kharáj means land tax, and jizya poll tax. It has been proved conclusively, and here it is only needful to mention the fact, that this usage is not primitive, and that both words, kharájin the east and jizya in Egypt, meant tribute. The commonly accepted tradition is that 'Umar I imposed two taxes, land and poll, which were uniform throughout the empire.

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Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1928

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References

page 486 note 1 In the references to papyri numbers below 1000 refer to Führer durch die Ausstellung des Erzherzog Rainer, those above to Greek Papyri in the British Museum, vol. iv.

page 488 note 1 Caetani, , Annali, vol. iv, pi. vGoogle Scholar.

page 488 note 2 Chronica minora Syriaca, 335.

page 490 note 1 Kharáj, Abú Yúsuf, 75.

page 490 note 2 Baládhurí, Futúḥ, 80.

page 490 note 3 Baládhurí, Futúḥ, 81.

page 490 note 4 Baládhurí, Futúḥ, 71.

page 490 note 5 Kitábu 'l-Umm, iv, 101.

page 491 note 1 Bal. 64.

page 491 note 2 Aṣ-Ṣúlí, Adabu 'l--kuttáb, 214.

page 491 note 3 Bal. 59.

page 491 note 4 Bal. 113.

page 491 note 5 Bal. 147.

page 491 note 6 Bal. 244.

page 491 note 7 Bal. 124.

page 491 note 8 Ibn 'Asákir, i, 178.

page 491 note 9 Ibn 'Asákir, i, 150.

page 492 note 1 Bal. 152.

page 492 note 2 Bal. 125.

page 492 note 3 Bal. 173.

page 492 note 4 Bal. 174.

page 492 note 5 Bal. 178.

page 492 note 6 Kharáj, 23.

page 492 note 7 Bal. 251.

page 492 note 8 JAOS., xli, 389.

page 492 note 9 Thomas of Marga, ii, 126 n.

page 492 note 10 Bal. 267.

page 493 note 1 Bal. 243.

page 493 note 2 Kitábu 'l-Kharáj, Yahyá b. Adam, 36.

page 493 note 3 Bal. 246.

page 493 note 4 Kharáj, 23.

page 493 note 5 Bal. 130. Ṭabarí, i, 2391. Futúḥ Shám, Azdí, 128.

page 493 note 6 Bal. 158.

page 493 note 7 Bal. 201.

page 493 note 8 Ṭab. i, 2665.

page 493 note 9 Kharáj, 23.

page 493 note 10 Maḳrízí, , Khiṭaṭ, i, 76Google Scholar.

page 493 note 11 Maḳrízí, Khiṭaṭ, i, 294.

page 494 note 1 Bal. 216.

page 494 note 2 Bal. 215.

page 494 note 3 Bal. 214.

page 494 note 4 Ṣúlí, 217.

page 494 note 5 Bal. 125. Maḳ. i, 76.

page 494 note 6 Abú Ṣáliḥ, , Churches, 75Google Scholar.

page 494 note 7 Maḳ. i, 76.

page 494 note 8 Bal. 217.

page 495 note 1 Maḳ. i, 77, 168.

page 495 note 2 Maḳ. ii, 492. Severus, , Patriarchs, ed. Seybold, , 134Google Scholar.

page 495 note 3 Ṣúlí, 217.

page 495 note 4 Sev. 136.

page 495 note 5 Sev. 140.

page 495 note 6 Sev. 143.

page 496 note 1 Sev. 145.

page 496 note 2 Sev. 150. Kindí, Governors, 73. Maḳ. ii, 492.

page 496 note 3 Sev. 155, 163.

page 496 note 4 Kindí, 125.

page 496 note 5 Syriac Anonymous, ed. Chabot, , 2, 3Google Scholar.

page 496 note 6 Kindí, 185.

page 497 note 1 Maḳ. i, 76.

page 498 note 1 Bal. 269. Ṣúli, 218.

page 498 note 2 Súlí, 218.

page 498 note 3 Bal. 270.

page 498 note 4 Bal. 271

page 499 note 1 Ibn Ḥawḳal, 216.

page 499 note 2 Ibn Ḥawḳal, 108.

page 499 note 3 Mak. i, 101.

page 499 note 4 Bal. 271.

page 500 note 1 Mízán, Sha'ráni, ii, 161.

page 500 note 2 Yaḥyá, 9.

page 501 note 1 Kharáj, 69. izán, ii, 160.

page 501 note 2 Kitábu 'l-Umm, iv, 98.

page 501 note 3 Ṣúli, 216.

page 501 note 4 Ibn 'Abdu '1-Ḥakam, Futúḥ Miṣr, 156.

page 501 note 5 Kharáj, 69.

page 501 note 6 Sev. 113.

page 501 note 7 Maḳ. ii, 495.

page 501 note 8 Kitábu 'l-Umm, iv, 102, 124.

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page 501 note 10 Ibn 'Abdu 'l-Ḥakam, 152.

page 502 note 1 Ibn 'Asákir, i, 179.

page 502 note 2 Syr. Anon., ii, 15.

page 502 note 3 Most references to trade taxes are from Kharáj, 77. Maḳ. ii, 121.

page 502 note 4 Kitábu 'l-Umm, iv, 125.

page 502 note 5 Mak. i, 103.

page 503 note 1 Ibn Ḥawḳal, 217.

page 503 note 2 Maḳ. ii, 123.

page 503 note 3 Maḳ. i, 103.

page 503 note 4 Maḳ. i, 103. Kindí, 125.

page 504 note 1 Maḳ. i, 107.

page 504 note 2 Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate, iii, 336.

page 504 note 3 Ibn 'Asákir, i, 179.

page 504 note 4 Ibn 'Abdu 'l-Ḥakam, 166.

page 504 note 5 Ibn 'Abdu '1-Ḥakam, 171.

page 504 note 6 Greek Pap. in the British Museum, iv, 51.

page 505 note 1 Maḳ, i, 405.

page 505 note 2 Maḳ. i, 79.

page 506 note 1 Ibn Athír, year 583.

page 506 note 2 Ibn Khurdádbeh, 125, 251.

page 506 note 3 Maḳ. i, 107.

page 506 note 4 Maḳ. i, 276.

page 506 note 5 Quatremère, , Sultans Mamlouks, iii, 39Google Scholar.

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page 506 note 7 Bal. 223. John of Nikiou, 384.

page 507 note 1 Maḳ. i, 79, 98. Bal. 216. Ibn Khurdádbeh, 83. Ibn Ḥawḳal, 108.

page 507 note 2 Ibn Khurdádbeh, 76, 246, 251.

page 507 note 3 Ibn 'Abdu '1-Ḥakam, 170.

page 507 note 4 Syr. Anon., ii, 23.

page 508 note 1 Bal. 448.

page 508 note 2 Maḳ. i, 274–81.