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²⁹ Between 1560 and 1568 according to Hallegua, , op. cit., 7, but his dates are doubtful.Google Scholar

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³¹ Heb. ‘ăbadim hăluqin.

³² Heb. běehezqat yěhudim.

³³ Heb. miqṣatam ṭablu lěshem ‘abdut umiqṣatam lěshem shiḥrur.

³⁴ Heb. goyim ‘akum.

³⁵ cf. Pyrard, F., The Voyage of Francois Pyrard of Laval, ed. Gray, A. and Bell, H. C. P., 1888, II, 66,Google Scholar “In the India, if a man has a male child by his slave, it is legitimate, and the slave becomes free, although she cannot leave her master without his consent; after his death, however, she is enfranchised, and she can be no more sold”.

³⁶ The reply of Radbaz is summarized by Hallegua, , op. cit., 9.Google Scholar

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⁴³ Pyrard, , II, 67.Google ScholarBarbosa, , op. cit., 75,Google Scholar writes that Goa “was inhabited by many Moors, respectable men and foreigners, white men and rich merchants”.

⁴⁴ Heb. kushi. For the date of this work, Y. Ratzaby, , Sefer Hammusar by Zacharia al-Ḍahri, 1965, 40ff.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Heb. ha-kushim.

⁴⁶ Ratzaby, , 130f.Google Scholar (Maḥberet, viii, 7.33).Google Scholar

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⁶³ Levy, Reuben, “A collection of Yemenite piyyutim”, Jewish Studies in memory of Israel Abrahams, 1927, 266.Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ Galletti, , 197 (cited n. 6 above).Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Galletti, , 198.Google Scholar The list of seven localities is repeated frequently, e.g. Cambridge MOr 2786 No. 880, MOr 2816 No. 1030, 18 (Sassoon, D. S., Ohel David 577),Google ScholarMOr 2785 No. 1023. 23, 40 (Ohel David 967b).Google Scholar

⁷¹ On the mudeliar, Visscher, , 115;Google ScholarGalletti, , 192 and 196;Google ScholarMenon, K. P. Padmanabha, History of Kerala, ed. Menon, T. K. Krishna, II, 1929, 521.Google Scholar

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⁷⁴ Id., op. cit., 7. There may have been less admixture of foreign blood during the Dutch period at Cochin, cf. Visscher, , 116,Google Scholar “The number of White Jews who have of late come here from Europe, Baghdad and Cairo, is small; but there are some also who have been settled here for many centuries”.

⁷⁵ de Paiva, Pereyra, loc. cit. On the return of the Jewish delegation to Amsterdam in 1686,Google Scholar the Dutch congregation sent to Cochin a supply of Hebrew texts – Pentateuchs, festival prayer books, the Shulḥan ‘Arukh, midrash and Qabbalah, Cambridge MOr 2816 No. 1030, 8.

⁷⁶ Visscher, , loc. cit.,Google ScholarGalletti, , 87.Google Scholar

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⁸¹ Selections from the records of Fort St. George …, 1915, 102.Google Scholar On the wide extent of Jewish involvement in the economy of Dutch Cochin, Fischel, as n. 27 above.

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⁸⁴ Moens in Galletti, , 87,Google Scholar cf. 77. In a report to the Government of Batavia in 1772 Moens states that “we have … added about the protection of the Jews, which was always a Bridge of an Instrument, and although they live in the Rajah's own country, and close to His Highness's Palace, still the Company used to afford them a kind of … Protection”, Selections from … St. George, 107.Google Scholar

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¹⁰² Menon, P. Raman, loc. cit.;Google Scholar so also A collection of historical records, Malayalam Document 9, 22.3.1813.

¹⁰³ Guide to the records of the Malabar district 1714–1835, 1936, VII, 128, 221;Google Scholar for the Rajah's case, Menon, P. Raman, op. cit.Google Scholar

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¹¹¹ Buchanan, , loc. cit.Google Scholar Buchanan is in error about the synagogues at Cochin. Moens in Galletti, , 197,Google Scholar reports that there were then four synagogues at Cochin de Sima, “next to the palace of the king of Cochin”; one was “for the White Jews”. By Buchanan's time the Cochangadi synagogue had been destroyed by Tipu; the Kadavumbagam and Thekumbagam synagogues were used by the Black Jews, the Paradesi synagogue by the White Jews. On the synagogues see pp. 230, 234 f., 236–8 and n. 62 above and Bar-Giora, N., “A note on the history of the synagogues in Cochin”, Sefunot, II, 1958, 218 (Heb.).Google Scholar

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¹¹³ Fischel, , Unknown Jews in unknown lands: the travels of Rabbi David d'Beth Hillel (1824–1832), 1973, 113.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁷ In the agreement dated 1795 between the British and Dutch on the capitulation of Cochin, one article reads, “… with regard to slaves. It is a name unknown in a British territory”, Selections from … St. George, 9.Google Scholar Traffic in slaves was intercepted by the British navy, Guide No. 9, 248, 251. Nevertheless, “although the traffic and expectation of slaves have been forbidden”, according to a report of 1804 their exposure to tigers and inclement weather continued to cause anxiety as late as 1819 and 1823, Guide to the records … 1714–1835, VIII, 69.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ A protest against the construction of a synagogue at Fort Cochin by Ava was addressed by White Jews to the Diwan of Cochin, Eliahoo, Eliya ben, op. cit.,Google Scholar Document XV. Ava was still at Fort Cochin in the time of Sapir, J., Eben Sapir, 1866, II, 70ff.Google Scholar and of Day, , op. cit., 336.Google Scholar The latter relates that Ava with his “half-caste Jews” had separated themselves “about 15 years since”, because their women-folk were not “allowed to dress themselves in the golden chains and ornaments worn by the higher classes. In the British town they can now do as they please…”. By the time of Reinmann, Solomon, Massě'ot Shělomoh, 1884, 162,Google Scholar the dissidents had returned to Jew Town.

¹¹⁹ Around 1818, since T. Dawson was recalled to England in that year, Hunt, W. S., The Anglican Church in Travancore and Cochin (1816–1916), I, 1920, 154.Google Scholar

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¹²¹ A collection of historical records, Document 16 dated 30th September 1848.

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¹²⁶ Sapir, , 65 and 67f. (cited in 118 above).Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Sapir, , 68f.Google Scholar

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¹²⁹ Day, , loc. cit.,Google Scholar states, however, that the Black Jews were also blacksmiths, tailors, fishermen and house servants, and that they (rather than White Jews) were bookbinders.

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¹³⁹ de Costa, A., “The ‘White’ and ‘Black’ Jews of Malabar”, ed. Lord, J. Henry, Indian Church Quarterly Review, 66796.Google Scholar

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¹⁴¹ p. 243 above.

¹⁴² See Ḥayyim Ya'aqov Cohen, “Quntres mashbit milḥamot”, Cambridge MOr 2786 No. 974 pp. lf.

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¹⁴⁸ Cambridge MOr 2787 No. 935 pp. 9f., cf. MOr 2786 No. 880 p. 4. Some other statements by de Costa are incorrect. “Rabbi Marigash” was not a “Jewish noble”; the letter to him was sent from Cochin, not Cranganore. The plate granted to Joseph Rabban was not “one single sheet written on both sides”, nor was the original inscription on brass, rather than on copper. There is no evidence that the original copper-plates were purloined by Claudius Buchanan and taken to Cambridge — the plates there appear to be copies.

¹⁴⁹ Raffalovitch, Samuel, Qadmoniyot ha-yěhudim běMalabar, 1901 (Heb.).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Hunt, , 26 (see n. 119 above).Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Thurston, Edgar, Castes and tribes of Southern India, II, 1909, 488.Google Scholar David Sassoon wrote, somewhat strangely, in a letter dated 22 November 1898, Cambridge MOr 2786 No. 880, “There are two kinds of Black Jews in Cochin, one is called by the name of black owing to his dark colour and the other because he is a Meshurar”.

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