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³ Barthold, V. V., “Irān”, tr. Nariman, G. K., in Posthumous works of G. K. Nariman, ed. Jhabvala, S. H., Bombay, 1935, 142–3.Google Scholar

⁴ “It will thus be seen that Babur had not merely to conquer a kingdom; he had to create a theory of kingship. He was determined to be no sultan, hampered by all limitations which had beset the Lodi dynasty; but a pādshāh, looking down upon even his highest amīrs from the towering eminence upon which the divine right of Timur's blood had placed him” (An empire builder of the sixteenth century, London, 1918, 161).Google Scholar

⁵ “The Chaghatai conqueror Bābar came to India with ideas (of Sovereignty) that were not quite similar to those of either the early Turkish rulers of Delhi or the Afghans” (Some aspects of Muslim administration, Allahabad, 1936, 105, et seq.).Google Scholar

⁶ Khan, Iqtidar Alam, “The Turko-Mongol theory of kingship”, in Medieval India: A miscellany, II, 1972, 8–18.Google Scholar

⁷ Siddiqi, Iqtidar Husain, Some aspects of Afghan despotism in India, Aligarh, 1971, 1–60.Google Scholar

⁸ “Sher Shāh Afghān was not a king (malik) but an angel (malak). In six years he gave such stability to the structure that the foundations still survive”(B.M. MS Add. 16859, f. 19a).

⁹ This curious fact is not mentioned in the Indian chronicles. But it is the title Dāwar Bakhsh assumes in his farmān of 1627 to Rāja Jai Singh (Bikaner, old serial No. 176, New S.021). This is corroborated by the Tārīkh-i 'ālam ārā-i 'Abbāsī, Tehran ed., A.H. 1314, 750.

¹⁰ Qaisar, A. J., Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Delhi Session, 1961, 155–7.Google Scholar

¹¹ Siyāsatnāma, ed. Scheffer, C., Paris, 1891–1893, 28.Google Scholar

¹² cf. Habib, Irfan, Argarian system of Mughal India, 1556–1707, London, 1963, 256 ff.Google Scholar

¹³ cf. Moreland, W. H., “Rank (Mansab) in the Mughal state service”, JRAS, 1936, 641–65;Google ScholarHabib, Irfan, “The Mansab system, 1595–1637”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Patiala Session, 1968, 221 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁴ cf. Hasan, S. Nurul, “The mahzar of Akbar's reign”, Journal of U.P. Hist. Soc., XVI, 1968, 126.Google Scholar

¹⁵ cf. Khan, Iqtidar Alam in JRAS, 1968, 34–5.Google Scholar

¹⁶ A'īn-i akbarī, 3Google Scholar

¹⁷ For the text of the nīshān, see Shyamaldas, Kaviraj, Vir Vinod, 11, 419–20 note.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Dabistān-i mazāhib, ed. Ashraf, Nazar, Calcutta, 1809, 432.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See my article, “Foundations of Akbar's organization of the nobility: An interpretation”. Medieval India Quarterly, III, Nos. 3 and 4, 1958, 80–7.Google Scholar

²⁰ ‘Iṣāmī, Futūh al-salāṭfn, ed. Usha, , 515.Google Scholar

²¹ cf. Habib, Irfan, “Social distribution of landed property in pre-British India”, Enquiry, old series No. 12, 54–6.Google Scholar

²² Dr. Ahsan Raza Khan in his unpublished thesis on the chiefs under Akbar has collected interesting data about the chiefs (high zamīndārs) who were granted manṣabs under Akbar.

²³ Lāhorī, , Bādshāhnāma, I, 139–40.Google Scholar

²⁴ Tehran ed., A.H. 1214.

²⁵ e.g. in his 17th regnal year.

²⁶ These data are based (a) on the Ā'īn-i akbarī's list of manṣabdārs; (b) on Irfan Habib's list (unpublished) of manṣabdārs under Jahāngīr, mainly based on the Tuzuk-i Jahāngīrī, and (c) on Wāriṣ, Bādshāhnāma, Ethe, 329, for the list of manṣabdārs in 1656. The racial composition has been established by detailed checking with the biographical information in the chronicles (e.g. Lāhorī) as well as the Zakhirat al-khawānān and the Ma'āṣir al-‘umarā’. (d) and (e) are based on the list of manṣabdārs of Aurangzeb's reign given in my book, The Mughal nobility under Aurangzeb, London, 1966.Google Scholar

²⁷ cf. Wright, H. N., The Coinage and metrology of the Sultans of Delhi, Delhi, 1936, 260–1;Google ScholarHabib, Irfan, IESHR, IV, 1967, 217–9.Google Scholar

²⁸ Lāhorī, , Bādshāhnāma, II, 715.Google Scholar

²⁹ See my Mughal nobility under Aurangzeb, 154 ff.Google Scholar

³⁰ Ā 'īn-i akbarī, III, 22.

³¹ Bernier, , Travels in the Mogul Empire, Bombay, 1934, 324, 339.Google Scholar

³² Ā'īn-i akbarī, I, 24.

³³ Kishmī, Muḥammad Hāshim, Zubdat al-Maqāmāt, Mahmud Press, Lucknow, A.H. 1302, 131.Google Scholar

³⁴ cf. Qanungo, , Dara Shukoh, Calcutta, 1935–, 78 ff.Google Scholar

³⁵ Muḥammad Baqa, Miāt al- 'ālam, MS Aligarh; ‘Abd al-Salām, 84/314, Pairaish III.

³⁶ Rizvi, S. A., Muslim revivalist movements in northern India in the 16th and 17th centuries, Agra, 1965, 268–70.Google Scholar