¹ Ariyn Erkh (Newspaper), 03.01.1997.

² Bat-Ochir, L., Choibalsan, Ulan Bator, 1996, p. 161.Google Scholar

³ Sources: National Economy of the MPRfor 60 years, (1921–1981), Ulan Bator, 1981, p. 178Google Scholar; Mongolian Economy and Society in 190.3, Statistical Yearbook, Ulan Bator, 1994, p. 30Google Scholar; Razhuitie naroinogo hozhyaistva i kul'tury MNR s 1921 po 1958, Statisticheskii Sbomik, Ulan Bator, 1960, p. 29.Google Scholar

⁴ This citation is from the book by Maiskii (see note 5). A more exact report from this period does not exist. The numbers of animals as quoted by foreign scholars and travellers are contradictory.

⁵ Maiskii suggested that the results of the animal count of 1918 should be added to by as much as a factor of 30%, i.e. 12.7 million, in order that they correspond to the real situation. This is because livestock keepers understated the quantity of their stock at registration owing to the taxation per head of stock. Moreover the animal count did not include the Khovd and Khövsgöl regions (see Maiskii, I., Souremennaya Mongoliya, Irkutsk, 1921, pp. 120–3):Google Scholar

⁶ Ocherki istorii mongol'skoi narodno-revolyucionnoi partii, Moscow, 1985, p. 125.Google Scholar

⁷ Mongol ardyn khuv'sgalt namyn tuukh, Ulan Bator, 1985, p. 152.Google Scholar

⁸ Sovremennaya Mongoliya (journal), 1934, no. 14 (7).Google Scholar

⁹ Ardyn Erkh (Newspaper), 10.01.1996.

¹⁰ “Sezen-Khan Aimgiin chuulgany tor gereltiin 15 ony dans”, in: Khalhyn tuukh, by Nacagdorz, Sh., Ulan Bator, 1963, p. 92.Google Scholar

¹¹ “Tör gereltiin 21 dugeer ony Sezen-Khan-Aimgiin bukh malyn dans”, in: Nacagdorz, Sh., Khatkhyn tuukh (Ulan Bator, 1963), p. 92.Google Scholar

¹² Meng-Ta pei-lu und Hei-Ta Shih-Liieh, Chinesische Gesandtenberichte über die frühen Mongolen 1221 und 1237, ed. Olbricht, P. and Pinks, E. (Wiesbaden, 1980), p. 172.Google Scholar

¹³ Risch, F., Johann de Piano Carpini: Geschichte der Mongolen und Reisebericht 1245–1247 (Leipzig, 1930), p. 210.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ta-heng, Siao, I-su-ki, Po-po ts'ung-shu, p. 31Google Scholar, in: “Pei-lou Fong, Les coutumes des esclaves septentrionaux de Siao Ta-heng”, by Serruys, H., Monumenta Serica X, (1945), p. 158.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Meng-Ta pei-lu und Hei-Ta Shih-Lüeh, p. 172.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Saiisiyal, , Chinggis khagany tobciyan, Khota, Khöke, 1987, i, p. 118.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Older than three years.

¹⁸ One year old.

¹⁹ Percentage average from Maiskii, , Sovremennaya Mongoliya, p. 131Google Scholar.

²⁰ Ibid., p. 131.

²¹ Sambuu, Z., Mai azu ahui deger-e ben yagagizu aziltahu tukhai arad du ugkhu sanagulg-a surgal, Ulan Bator, 1945, p. 304.Google Scholar

²² Maiskii, , Sovremennaya Mongoliya, p. 110.Google Scholar

²³ Meng-Tapei-lu und Hei-Ta Shih-Lüeh, p. 167.Google Scholar

²⁴ Ibid., p. 57.

²⁵ Zamcarano, C. (transl.), Qalq-ajimm, ed. Rinchin, B., Ulan Bator, 1959, pp. 6, 8, 10, 13, 23, 28, 33, 38–41, 43–9, 51.Google Scholar

²⁶ Tumurzav, S., Bilcheernin mongol mal, Ulan Bator, 1989, p. 266.Google Scholar

²⁷ Meng-Tapei-lu undHei-Ta Shih-Liieh, p. 172.Google Scholar

²⁸ For Xiongnu: Ma Chan-shou, no. 1, 1962, p. 28Google Scholar, (in: Suhbaatar, G., Mongolchuudyn ertnii övög, Ulan Bator, 1980, p. 87).Google Scholar

²⁹ Namio, Egami, Kjodo-no keizai kacudo, in: Tojo bunka kenkjudzjo kijo, no. 9, 1956, p.34.Google Scholar

³⁰ Munkuyev has convincingly established the size of the population in the year 1218 with help of data from the chronicles. He assumes that the ratio between the total population and the warriors during the period of Chinggis (see Munkuyev, N. C., “Zhametki o drevnyh mongolah”, in: Tataro-Mongoly v Azhii i Evrope. Sbomik statei, Moscow, 1970, p. 367).Google Scholar

³¹ Maiskii, , Sovremennaya Mongoliya, p. 16.Google Scholar

³² Ibid., pp. 122–3.

³³ Sovremennaya Mongoliya (journal), 1934, no. 4 (7), p. 28.Google Scholar

³⁴ Ibid.

³⁵ Ibid.

³⁶ Ibid.

³⁷ Ibid.