^{page 47 note 1} Thornton, and Nicholson, : Elementary Arabic First Reading Book, Section III, “Various Historical Extracts,” pp. 68–82Google Scholar; taken from Wright, : Arabic Reading Book, Part I, 1870, pp. 47–60Google Scholar; taken in turn from the works of Al-Maḳḳkari published in 3 vols. by E. J. Brill at Leyden in 1856–60 under the title Analectes sur l'Histoire et la Littérature des Arabes d'Espagne par Al-Maḳḳari. The extract referred to is in vol. i of the text, edited by Ludolf Krehl in 1856.

^{page 47 note 2} Leyden Edn., vol. i, p. 160,1. 17—p. 161, 1. 11 = Wright, p. 55, 1. 14— p. 56, 1. 21 = Thornton and Nicholson, p. 77, 1. 13—p. 79, 1. 3.

^{page 47 note 3} Gibb, H. A. R.: Arabic Literature, An Introduction, 1926, p. 114Google Scholar.

^{page 48 note 1} .

^{page 48 note 2} Supplément aux Dictionnaires Arabes.

^{page 48 note 3} Arabic-English Lexicon: also written … signifies wine and is a Persian word, originally [i.e. ] meaning “goldcoloured”; or it signifies, or signifies also, the grape vine; … or the shoots of a grape vine; … or a shoot that is planted of a grape vine.—Also a certain red dye.—And Water that remains or stagnates, or collects, or remains long and becomes altered, or becomes yellow and altered, in a rock or clear water that remains or stagnates, etc., in a mountain.

^{page 48 note 4} Freytag: Lexicon Arabico-latinum: Chald. (sic) (sunt qui ex Persico ortam ease dicant vocem…) Vitis, vel vitis palmites. Kam.; Pers. … Aureus, auri colorem habens; Vinum Kam.; Aqua pluvialis, in scrobe petrae restagnans clare et limpida. Kam.; turn Res, qua tingitur, color rubicundus. Dj.

^{page 49 note 1} Levy: Neuhebräisches und Chaldäisches Wōrterbuch über die Talmudim und Midraschim. nebst beiträgen von H. L. Fleischer: m. (Syr. Arab, eig. von goldener Farbe; viell. jedoch mit hebr. verwandt) Weinranke.

^{page 49 note 2} R. Payne Smith: Thesaurus Byriacus: Chald. m. propago vitis, proles; it. lorica.

^{page 49 note 3} Stated in World. Pictorial Gazetteer, ed. SirHammerton, J. A., art. “Cordoba”, pp. 317–18Google Scholar.

^{page 49 note 4} Chambers Encyclopædia, 1901, art. “Cordova”, vol. ii, p. 476.

^{page 49 note 5} Suggestion contained in a footnote to the word in Thornton and Nicholson's glossary, op. cit., p. 117.

^{page 50 note 1} Evans, Hugh: Cwm Eithin, Liverpool, 1933, 2nd edition, p. 105Google Scholar: “buont wrthi am amser maith yn eario coed a cherrig i geisio rhoi gwaelod i'r fford” = “they worked for a long time carrying wood and stones, seeking to set a foundation for the road.”

^{page 50 note 2} 14th edition, vol. xix, p. 341. Art. “Roads and Streets.”

^{page 50 note 3} Caesar, B.G., V, 40: “pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur.”

^{page 51 note 1} Lucilius, 960–1: “neque prodire in altum, proeliari sub vitem procul/ὠμοτριβς oleum Casinas.” id. 1349: “ut veles bonus, sub vitem qui subicit hastas uxori legata penus.”

^{page 51 note 2} Cf. Daremberg-Saglio, : Dict, des Antiquités Grec.-Rom., art. “Villa (rusticana),” vol. v, p. 880bGoogle Scholar: “Les soubassementa des murs sont toujours etablis avec le plus grand soin; la partie maçonnée repose sur plusieurs couches de moellons sans mortier, disposés souvent en arrête de poisson, et sur un lit épais de blocaille; le tout est destiné a protéger les murs contre l'humidité.” Cf. also Cato, : de Re Rustica, xiv, 4Google Scholar; Palladius, : de Re Rustica, I, viii–?ixGoogle Scholar.

^{page 51 note 3} de Re Rustica, I, iv, 4–6: “sin summotus longius a collibus erit anmis et loci salubritas, editiorque situs ripae permittet superponere villam profluenti, cavendum tamen erit, ut a tergo potius, quam prae se flumen habeat… . . Nee paludem quidem vicinam esse oportet aedificiis;… . quod ilia caloribus noxium virus eructat… . .”

^{page 51 note 4} de Re Rustica, I, xii, 1–2.

^{page 51 note 5} Lib. xviii, 6.

^{page 51 note 6} Ep. ii, 17.

^{page 51 note 7} Odes, III, i: contracta pisces aequora sentiunt/iactis in altum molibus; hue frequens/caementa demittit redemptor/cum famulis dominusque terrae/fastidiosus… . Cf. op. cit., n, xviii, 17 ff.; m, xxiv, 1 if.

^{page 52 note 1} de Architectura, I, iv, 11.

^{page 52 note 2} Op. cit., III, iv, 2: “sin autem solidum non invenietur sed locus congesticius ad imum aut paluster, tune is locus fodiatur exinaniaturque et palis alneis aut oleagineis aut robusteis ustilatis configatur, sublicaeque machinis adigantur quam creberrime, carbonibusque expleantur intervalla palorum et tune structuris solidissimis fundamenta impleantur.”

^{page 52 note 3} Op. cit., II, ix, 10–11: “(alnus) in palustribus locis infra fundamenta aedificiorum palationibus crebre fixa… permanet inmortalis… et sustinet inmania pondera structurae… est autem maxime id considerare Bavennae, quod ibi omnia opera et publiea et privata sub fundamenta eius generis habent palos.” Cf. Faventinus, : Liber Artis Architectonicae, 297, 20Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 1} Ann. I, 68: “proruunt fossas, inieiunt crates.” Op. cit., IV, 51: “virgultis et cratibus et corporibus exanimis complere fossas.”

^{page 52 note 2} B.G. VII, 57–8: “Is cum animadvertisset, perpetuam ease paludem, quae influeret in Sequanam atque ilium omnem locum magnopere impediret, hie consedit nostrosque transitu prohibere instituit Labienus primo vineas agere, cratibus atque aggere paludem explere atque iter munire conabatur.” Cf. id., VII, 79: “proximam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent.”

^{page 52 note 3} B.C. I, 40: “subito vi ventorum et aquae magnitudine pons est. intemiptus et reliqua multitudo equitum interclusa. Quo cognito a Petreio et Afranio ex aggere atque cratibus, quae flumine ferebantur, celeriter suo ponte Afranius, quern oppido castrisque coniunctum habebat, legiones III equitatumque omnem traiecit duabusque Fabianis occurrit legionibus.”