¹ In his introduction Professor Caland describes them as being “properly only excerpts from the Brāhmaṇas”. This is slightly misleading if it be taken to mean that their rules are wholly derived from Brāhmaṇas, for sometimes they apparently come from elsewhere, as, e.g. Āp.Ś.-s. IV, 3, 1 (p. 106 of the present work), which is drawn from an unknown source.

² An example of the last case is Āp.Ś.-s. I, 14, 8b: “one who has not already offered a sōma-sacrifice must not offer Saṃnāyya—or he may”. Here the prohibition is derived from the Taittirīya Saṃhitā II, v. 8, 1; and Āpastamba is a Taittirīya.