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Practical fertilization procedure and embryonic development of the New Zealand geoduck clam (Panopea zelandica)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2016

Dung V. Le ,
Tim Young ,
Andrea C. Alfaro ,
Norman L.C. Ragg ,
Zoë Hilton ,
Ellie Watts  and
Nick King
Dung V. Le
Affiliation:
Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Center of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
Tim Young
Affiliation:
Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Andrea C. Alfaro*
Affiliation:
Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Norman L.C. Ragg
Affiliation:
Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Zoë Hilton
Affiliation:
Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Ellie Watts
Affiliation:
Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Nick King
Affiliation:
Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: A.C. Alfaro, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Cultivation of the geoduck Panopea zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) requires knowledge on embryonic development to produce spat in hatcheries. This study investigated the development of P. zelandica embryos at 15°C and 35 ppt and the optimal sperm:egg ratios for fertilization under hatchery conditions. Panopea zelandica broodstock were induced to spawn by serotonin injection. Sperm and eggs were collected and fertilization was conducted at sperm:egg ratios of: 50:1, 100:1, 500:1, 1000:1 and 10,000:1 over 40 min. The optimal sperm:egg ratio was <500:1 and the normal embryo yield at 3 and 18 h post-fertilization (hpf) ranged from 83–96%. Panopea zelandica eggs (~80 μm diameter) developed the first and second polar bodies within 15–20 and 50–55 min post-fertilization, respectively. The blastula appeared at ~8 hpf, including the XR and XL cells and the presumptive shell field depression. Gastrulation occurred at 12–18 hpf with organic material apparent at the shell field depression. The mid-stage trochophore, which appeared at around 35 hpf had an apical plate with an apical tuft. The shell field spread to form the periostracum, which expanded and folded into right and left segments covering the late trochophore. The early D-stage veliger appeared at 45 hpf with the soft body being enclosed by two valves and the appearance of the velum. These observations will serve as the basis for future analyses of P. zelandica embryogenesis and for optimization of commercial production of D-veliger larvae.

Keywords

Panopea zelandicaNew Zealand geoduckembryogenesisblastulagastrulatrochophorefertilizationsperm:egg ratio
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 98 , Issue 3 , May 2018 , pp. 475 - 484
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016 

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