On 3–9 November 2013 the 9th World Sponge Conference was held in Fremantle, Western Australia under the theme ‘New Frontiers in Sponge Science’. The 186 participants were greeted with a banner tethered to the statue of Eliza in the Swan River (Figure 1A; list of participants available in Appendix 1). The conference then started with a Welcome to Country ceremony and an icebreaker function at the Western Australian Maritime Museum on Sunday (Figure 1B), followed by 4 days of conference programme at the Esplanade Hotel with 229 presentations (104 full talks, 17 speed talks, 108 posters; Figure 1C–F), a choice of field trips on Friday and a sponge classification workshop at the University of Western Australia on Saturday (Figure 1G). This was the second time that the international forum of sponge science convened in Australia, after the 5th International Sponge Symposium was held in Brisbane (Hooper, Reference Hooper1999). Inviting delegates to Fremantle in Western Australia offered access to a diverse mix of history, culture, restaurants and nightlife, with everything within walking distance, and buses, trains and ferries connecting to Perth City. The other reason for meeting in Western Australia was the high potential for exchange between the various sectors of science, academia, application-uptake, industries and commercial use, policy making and regulation. As a consequence, on the first day of the conference one session was dedicated to presentations in the context of industrial activities, fisheries, monitoring and managing sponge habitats (Appendix 2). On the last day of the conference two sessions were given to biotechnology presentations (Appendix 2). Other sessions covered general ecology, phylogeny, symbioses, taxonomy and population biology (sequence according to number of oral presentations; Appendix 2). The programme and the book of abstracts, as well as a media release can be found on the event webpage (Sponge Conference Committee, 2012), and additional accounts were given by Marshall (Reference Marshall2013); Mazard (Reference Mazard2013) and Schönberg (Reference Schönberg2014).

Fig. 1. The 9th World Sponge Conference. (A) Decorating the statue of Eliza, a local billboard in the Swan River for important announcements in Perth. (B) Icebreaker function at the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle, with Len Collard delivering the Welcome to Country on behalf of the Noongar people. (C) Lecture hall at the Esplanade Hotel in Fremantle. (D) The conference underway, this presentation given by Michelle Klautau. (E) Lunch at the Esplanade Hotel. (F) Coffee break. Alan Duckworth (left) and John Hooper at the table (right). (G) Post-conference sponge classification workshop held at the University of Western Australia, Shirley Sorokin is discussing the prepared specimen with Patrick Laffy. (H) Student Meet and Greet Night at the Norfolk Hotel. (I) Poster session at the Esplanade Hotel, Jane Fromont being congratulated. (J) Remembering scientists no longer with us at Kailis’ Fish Market. Chris Battershill talking about Patricia Bergquist. (K) Post-conference dinner celebrations at the Fremantle Sailing Club. (L) One of the three conference songs performed after the conference dinner, with Manuel Maldonado directing. (M) Diving during the fieldtrip at Rottnest Island (photograph courtesy Guilherme Muricy). (N) Classroom in the Mgezwa Junior/Secondary School Lusikisiki in Eastern Cape, South Africa (photograph courtesy Megan Botha).

The 9th World Sponge Conference differed in several aspects from previous international sponge meetings. During the Fremantle conference parallel sessions were held for the first time, which was controversial. At the two earlier meetings the sponge research community expressed a strong wish to be able to visit every talk, which was previously possible, but at the expense of many delegates not given the opportunity to present a talk. For example, at the 8th Sponge Conference in Girona, Spain, members of the organizing committee excluded themselves from oral presentations, in favour of international and younger delegates. For the Fremantle conference, however, the organizing committee made a decision to allocate a limited number of parallel sessions to accommodate oral presentations requested by every delegate, and in doing so it also reduced the delegate registration costs by finishing the main programme a day earlier than originally planned. Another novelty was realised through a session of 5 minute speed talks, which offered opportunities for rapid communications, which was enthusiastically embraced by a wide range of presenters (Appendix 2). These talks were welcome in the tight schedule and allowed a quick succession of varied topics, but yielded variable feedback. Keynotes delivered by Clive Wilkinson, Bernie Degnan, Ute Hentschel, Manuel Maldonado, Rob van Soest and James Bell were kept to half-hour sessions (Appendix 2), a setting that was received positively. Every evening an opportunity was provided to mingle socially, which included the highly successful Student Meet and Greet Night at the Norfolk Hotel to rapidly integrate students into the science community (Figure 1H), the poster session at the Esplanade Hotel (Figure 1I), a very al fresco gathering at Kailis’ Fish Market to remember scientists no longer with us (Figure 1J), and the conference dinner at the Fremantle Sailing Club (Figure 1K), during which various awards were distributed (Appendix 2) and not one, but three traditional sponge conference songs were presented (Figure 1L; event webpage, Sponge Conference Committee, 2012). Field trips on Friday took parties through Fremantle, to Rottnest Island (Figure 1M) and the Swan Valley. On Saturday a whole day workshop gave 22 participants the opportunity to learn from nine experienced sponge tutors (Figure 1G). Slide presentations and hands-on microscopy sessions demonstrated classical methods in sponge identification and traits typical for sponge orders, and essential databases were introduced (Van Soest et al., Reference Van Soest, Boury-Esnault, Vacelet, Dohrmann, Erpenbeck, de Voogd, Santodomingo, Vanhoorne, Kelly and Hooper2012, Reference Van Soest, Boury-Esnault, Hooper, Rützler, de Voogd, Alvarez de Glasby, Hajdu, Pisera, Manconi, Schönberg, Janussen, Tabachnick, Klautau, Picton, Kelly, Vacelet, Dohrmann, Díaz and Cárdenas2016; Hooper et al., Reference Hooper, Hall, Ekins, Erpenbeck, Wörheide and Jolley-Rogers2013; Hall & Hooper, Reference Hall and Hooper2014 and databases these feed into), as well as the concept of sponge functional growth forms that can be used for example when sponges need to be characterized from imagery (Schönberg & Fromont, Reference Schönberg, Fromont, Radford and Ridgway2014; Althaus et al., Reference Althaus, Hill, Ferrari, Edwards, Przeslawski, Schönberg, Stuart-Smith, Barrett, Edgar, Colquhoun, Tran, Jordan, Rees and Gowlett-Holmes2015). As another first, it was possible to upload posters and slide presentations to the Faculty of 1000 (2000–2016), an open access, Creative Commons license repository that allows citation of otherwise unpublished data for which the author retains copyright. This service was utilized for 34 Internet publications of conference presentations (25 posters, 9 talks). Last, but not least, various unused materials collected after the conference (bags, pens, writing pads, water bottles) were sent to Mgezwa Junior/Secondary School Lusikisiki in Eastern Cape, South Africa to support teaching efforts (Figure 1N). The venue for the next international sponge meeting was elected by a vote from the delegates to be held in Galway, Ireland (June 2017).

Talks and posters covered a wide variety of interests, and the sponge science community attending the 9th World Sponge Conference again proved to be vibrant and engaging, as well as being very good company. Many presenters of the Fremantle conference clearly illustrated the immense importance sponges have in aquatic environments, especially where they are the dominant benthic life form. Nevertheless, they are still under-represented in marine science and have previously been declared a ‘neglected group’ (Saleuddin & Fenton, Reference Saleuddin and Fenton2006; Schönberg & Fromont, Reference Schönberg and Fromont2012; Fang & Schönberg, Reference Fang and Schönberg2015). Sponge research is also less well rewarded in comparison to work on other benthic organisms (Becerro, Reference Becerro2008). Currently the demand for data on sponge dominated habitats is growing, often with respect to sensitive or changing environments (e.g. Przeslawski et al., Reference Przeslawski, Ahyong, Byrne, Wörheide and Hutchings2008; Kenchington et al., Reference Kenchington, Cogswell, Lirette and Murillo-Perez2009; De Mestre et al., Reference De Mestre, Maher, Roberts, Broad, Krikowa and Davis2012). Monitoring and possibly managing sponge grounds or certain sponge species is likely to become increasingly important, and a number of presentations touched on related topics. Interaction between sponges and other biota was a recurring theme, with microbial sponge symbionts having gained a substantial proportion of sponge science. Moreover, based on the high frequency of presentations employing molecular techniques, sponge science clearly appears to be progressively dependent on these approaches, ranging from questions of taxonomy and phylogeny to evolution and physiology, but also being used in the growing field of biotechnology. It was obvious that sponge science has come a long way and that we may now be at a watershed, where we have to consider how ‘new frontiers’ may or should look like in the future.