Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:41:02.511Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Injuries, healing and management of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in human-impacted waters in the south Iberian Peninsula

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2020

Liliana Olaya-Ponzone ,
Rocío Espada ,
Estefanía Martín Moreno ,
Isabel Cárdenas Marcial  and
José C. García-Gómez Open the ORCID record for José C. García-Gómez [Opens in a new window]
Liliana Olaya-Ponzone*
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Dpto. de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6, Sevilla, Spain
Rocío Espada
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Dpto. de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6, Sevilla, Spain Área de Investigación Biológica I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla Dolphin Adventure, 9 The Square, Marina Bay, Gibraltar, 11111Gibraltar, UK MMIRC (Marine Mammals Information, Research and Conservation), Gibraltar, UK
Estefanía Martín Moreno
Affiliation:
Dolphin Adventure, 9 The Square, Marina Bay, Gibraltar, 11111Gibraltar, UK MMIRC (Marine Mammals Information, Research and Conservation), Gibraltar, UK
Isabel Cárdenas Marcial
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Dpto. de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6, Sevilla, Spain
José C. García-Gómez
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Dpto. de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6, Sevilla, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: Liliana Olaya-Ponzone, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study focuses on the dolphins populating the water between Gibraltar and Algeciras in the south Iberian Peninsula, an area subjected to pressure due to high human activity. The area is considered an important feeding and breeding ground for common dolphins (Delphinus delphis). Due to the degree of residence of some specimens, and the large gap in knowledge about the evolution of wounds in D. delphis specimens with lacerations, this work sought to perform the following analyses: identify lacerated individuals; characterize sequences of ‘before – during – after’ with respect to the occurrence of lacerations; and associate the type of injury with its severity. This work will inform future studies by expanding a database on injured individuals and contribute to periodical monitoring of specimens that frequent these geographic areas. Between 2013 and 2017, we were able to track the healing process of five injured individuals of common dolphins from a whale-watching platform thanks to photo identification. The animals exhibited fresh external wounds from different sources. In the majority of individuals, the wound-healing processes lasted 3–21 weeks. The frequency with which sightings are made and knowledge about the local population will help track injured animals, follow their wound evolution, and document their survival rates. The documented injuries inflicted by human interactions described in this paper may include fishing interactions and propeller strikes, probably as a consequence of the high intensity of recreational fishing and whale-watching activities in the area.

Keywords

Boat trafficcommon dolphinDelphinus delphishealinginjuriesmanagementphoto-identificationpoppingthreatswhale watching
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 100 , Issue 2 , March 2020 , pp. 315 - 325
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar, A (1984) Relationship of DDE/tDDT in marine mammals to the chronology of DDT input into the ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41, 840–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baird, RW and Gorgone, AM (2005) False killer whale dorsal fin disfigurements as a possible indicator of long-line fishery interactions in Hawaiian waters. Pacific Science 59, 593–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamford, CCG and Robinson, KP (2015) An analysis of dorsal edge markings in short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) from the Bay of Gibraltar and the Moray Firth. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom 96, 999–1004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barco, SG, D'Eri, LR, Woodward, BL, Winn, JP and Rotstein, DS (2010) Spectra® fishing twine entanglement of a bottlenose dolphin: a case study and experimental modeling. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 1477–1481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bearzi, G, Reeves, RR, Notarbartolo di Sciara, G, Politi, E, Cañadas, A, Frantzi, A and Mussi, B (2003) Ecology, status and conservation of short-beaked common dolphins Delphinus delphis in the Mediterranean Sea. Mammal Review 33, 224–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bearzi, G, Politi, E, Agazzi, S and Azzellino, A (2006) Prey depletion caused by overfishing and the decline of marine megafauna in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters (central Mediterranean). Biological Conservation 127, 373–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechdel, SE, Mazzoil, MS, Murdoch, ME, Howells, EM, Reif, JS, McCulloch, SD, Schaefer, AM and Bossart, GD (2009) Prevalence and impacts of motorized vessels on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Aquatic Mammals 35, 367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessesen, BL, Oviedo, L, Hart, LB, Herra-Miranda, D, Pacheco-Polanco, JD, Baker, L, Saborío-Rodríguez, G, Bermúdez-Villapol, L and Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A (2014) Lacaziosis-like disease among bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus photographed in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 107, 173–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biton Porsmoguer, S, Bănaru, D, Boudouresque, CF, Dekeyser, I, Viricel, A and Merchán, M (2015) DNA evidence of the consumption of short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis by the shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 532, 177–183. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11327/ (Accessed 21 July 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, P and Jager, M (1994) The injury and subsequent healing of a serious propeller strike to a wild bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) resident in cold waters off the Northumberland coast of England. Aquatic Mammals 20, 59–64.Google Scholar
Borrell, A and Aguilar, A (2007) Organochlorine concentrations declined during 1987–2002 in western Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins, a coastal top predator. Chemosphere 66, 347–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borrell, A, Aguilar, A, Cantos, G, Lockyer, C, Heide-Jørgensen, MP and Jensen, J (2004) Organochlorine residues in harbour porpoises from Southwest Greenland. Environmental Pollution 128, 381–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bossley, MI and Woolfall, MA (2014) Recovery from severe cutaneous injury in two free ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.). Journal of Marine Animals and their Ecology 7, 12–16.Google Scholar
Bruce-Allen, LJ and Geraci, JR (1985) Wound healing in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, 216–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buencuerpo, V (1998) Pelagic sharks associated with the swordfish, Xiphias gladius, fishery in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the Strait of Gibraltar. Fishery Bulletin 96, 667–685.Google Scholar
Byard, RW, Winskog, C, Machado, A and Boardman, W (2012) The assessment of lethal propeller strike injuries in sea mammals. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 19, 158–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Celona, A, De Maddalena, A and Comparetto, G (2006) Evidence of predatory attack on a bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus by a great white shark Carcharodon carcharias in the Mediterranean. Annales Series Historia Naturalis (Koper) 16, 164.Google Scholar
Chu, K and Nieukirk, SL (1988) Dorsal fin scars as indicators of age, sex, and social status in humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, 416–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clua, E and Grosvalet, F (2001) Mixed-species feeding aggregation of dolphins, large tunas and seabirds in the Azores. Aquatic Living Resources 14, 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantine, R, Johnson, M, Riekkola, L, Jervis, S, Kozmian-Ledward, L, Dennis, T, Torres, LG and Aguilar de Soto, N (2015) Mitigation of vessel-strike mortality of endangered Bryde's whales in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Biological Conservation 186, 149–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corkeron, PJ, Morris, RJ and Bryden, MM (1987) A note on the healing of large wounds in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Aquatic Mammals 13, 96–98.Google Scholar
Cruz, MJ, Machete, M, Menezes, G, Rogan, E and Silva, MA (2018) Estimating common dolphin bycatch in the pole-and-line tuna fishery in the Azores. PeerJ 6, e4285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daszak, P, Cunningham, AA and Hyatt, AD (2001) Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. Acta Tropical 78, 103–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
David, L (2002) Disturbance to Mediterranean cetaceans caused by vessel traffic. In Notarbartolo di Sciara, G (ed.), Cetaceans of the Mediterranean and Black Seas: State of Knowledge and Conservation Strategies. A report to the ACCOBAMS Secretariat, Monaco, February 2002. Section 11, 21 pp.Google Scholar
de Boer, MN, Clark, J, Leopold, MF, Simmonds, MP and Reijnders, PJ (2013) Photo-identification methods reveal seasonal and long-term site-fidelity of Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) in shallow waters (Cardigan Bay, Wales). Open Journal of Marine Science 3, 66–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Maddalena, A (1999) Record of the great white shark in the Mediterranean Sea. Private publication, Milano, 54 pp.Google Scholar
De Maddalena, A (2000) Historical and contemporary presence of the great white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea. Annales, Series historia naturali 10, 3–18.Google Scholar
De Maddalena, A and Heim, W (2012) Mediterranean Great White Sharks: A Comprehensive Study Including all Recorded Sightings. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.Google Scholar
Desforges, JPW, Sonne, C, Levin, M, Siebert, U, De Guise, S and Dietz, R (2016) Immunotoxic effects of environmental pollutants in marine mammals. Environment International 86, 126–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, JM (1984) Hepatitis and bone lesions in a stranded juvenile common dolphin Delphinus delphis Linnaeus. Australian Mammalogy 7, 225–228.Google Scholar
Donaldson, R, Finn, H and Calver, M (2010) Illegal feeding increases risk of boat-strike and entanglement in bottlenose dolphins in Perth, Western Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 16, 157–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwyer, SL and Visser, IN (2011) Cookie cutter shark (Isistius sp.) bites on cetaceans, with particular reference to killer whales (orca) (Orcinus orca). Aquatic Mammals 37, 111–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwyer, SL, Kozmian-Ledward, L and Stockin, KA (2014) Short-term survival of severe propeller strike injuries and observations on wound progression in a bottlenose dolphin. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48, 294–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebert, DA, Compagno, LJV and Cowley, PD (1992) A preliminary investigation of the feeding ecology of squaloid sharks off the west coast of Southern Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 12, 601–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elwen, SH and Leeney, RH (2010) Injury and subsequent healing of a propeller strike injury to a Heaviside's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii). Aquatic Mammals 36, 382–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espada, R, Martín, E, Haasova, L, Olaya-Ponzone, L and García-Gómez, JC (2018) Presencia permanente del delfín común en la bahía de Algeciras. Hacia un plan de gestión, vigilancia y conservación de la especie. Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños 49, 185–196.Google Scholar
Evans, PGH and Hammond, PS (2004) Monitoring cetaceans in European waters. Mammal Review 34, 131–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Félix, F, Centeno, R, Romero, J, Zavala, M and Vásconez, Ó (2018) Prevalence of scars of anthropogenic origin in coastal bottlenose dolphin in Ecuador. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, 1177–1186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feltz, TE and Fay, FH (1966) Thermal requirements in vitro of epidermal cells from seals. Cryobiology 3, 261–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernández-Contreras, MM, Cardona, L, Lockyer, CH and Aguilar, A (2010) Incidental bycatch of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) by pairtrawlers off northwestern Spain. ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, 1732–1738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossi, MC, Baini, M, Panti, C and Baulch, S (2018) Impacts of marine litter on cetaceans: a focus on plastic pollution. In Fossi, MC and Panti, C (eds), Marine Mammal Ecotoxicology: Impacts of Multiple Stressors on Population. London: Academic Press, pp. 147–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Gómez, JC and Magariño, S (2010) Bucear en el último confín de Europa, la isla de Tarifa. Serie Ciencias Naturales, 35. Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños.Google Scholar
Geraci, LR and Bruce-Allen, LJ (1987) Slow process of wound repair in Beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, 1661–1665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giménez, J, Gauffier, P, Verborgh, P, Esteban, R, Jiménez-Torres, C and De Stephanis, R (2011) The bay of Algeciras: a feeding and breeding ground for common dolphins? In Gauffier, P and Verborgh, P (eds), Abstract Book 25th Conference of the European Cetacean Society, Cádiz Palace of Congresses, 21–23 March 2011. Long-term Datasets on Marine Mammals: Learning From the Past to Manage the Future. Cádiz: TIDAC, p. 150.Google Scholar
Goetz, S, Read, FL, Santos, MB, Pita, C and Pierce, GJ (2014) Cetacean–fishery interactions in Galicia (NW Spain): results and management implications of a face-to-face interview survey of local fishers. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, 604–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez-Jakobsen, FJ, Mercado, JM, Cortés, D, Yebra, L and Salles, S (2019) A first description of the summer upwelling off the Bay of Algeciras and its role in the northwestern Alboran Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gowans, S and Whitehead, H (2001) Photographic identification of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus): sources of heterogeneity from natural marks. Marine Mammal Science 17, 76–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gui, D, Èl, J, Zhang, X, Tu, Q, Chen, L, Feng, K, Liu, W, Mai, B and Wu, Y (2018) Potential association between exposure to legacy persistent organic pollutants and parasitic body burdens in Indo-Pacific finless porpoises from the Pearl River Estuary, China. Science of the Total Environment 643, 785–792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halpern, BS, Diamond, J, Gaines, S, Gelcich, S, Gleason, M, Jennings, S, Lester, S, Mace, A, McCook, L and McLeod, K (2012) Near-term priorities for the science, policy, and practice of Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (CMSP). Marine Policy 36, 198–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, PS (1986) Estimating the size of naturally marked whale populations using capture-recapture techniques. Reports of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 8, 253–282.Google Scholar
Heithaus, MR (2001) Shark attacks on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay, Western Australia: attack rate, bite scar frequencies and attack seasonality. Marine Mammal Science 17, 526–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heithaus, MR and Dill, LM (2002) Food availability and tiger shark predation risk influence bottlenose dolphin habitat use. Ecology 83, 480–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hupman, KE, Pawley, MD, Lea, C, Grimes, C, Voswinkel, S, Roe, WD and Stockin, KA (2017) Viability of photo-identification as a tool to examine the prevalence of lesions on free-ranging common dolphins (Delphinus sp.). Aquatic Mammals 43, 264–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiszka, J, Pelourdeau, D and Ridoux, V (2008) Body scars and dorsal fin disfigurements as indicators of interaction between small cetaceans and fisheries around the Mozambique channel island of Mayotte. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 7. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.v7i2.48276.Google Scholar
Leatherwood, S, Perrin, WF, Garvie, R and LaGrange, J (1973) Observations of sharks attacking porpoises (Stenella spp. and Delphinus cf D. delphis). Naval Undersea Center, Technical Note, 908.Google Scholar
Lee, HH, Wallen, MM, Krzyszczyk, E and Mann, J (2019) Every scar has a story: age and sex-specific conflict rates in wild bottlenose dolphins. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 73, 63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemos, LS, De Moura, JF, Hauser-Davis, RA, De Campos, RC and Siciliano, S (2013) Small cetaceans found stranded or accidentally captured in southeastern Brazil: bioindicators of essential and non-essential trace elements in the environment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 97, 166–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lockyer, CH and Morris, RJ (1990) Some observations on wound healing and persistence of scars in Tursiops truncatus. Reports of the International Whaling Commission Special Issue 12, 113–118.Google Scholar
Long, DJ and Jones, RE (1996) White shark predation and scavenging on cetaceans in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. In Klimley, AP and Ainley, DG (eds), Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 293–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López, A, Pierce, GJ, Santos, MB, Gracia, J and Guerra, A (2003) Fishery by-catches of marine mammals in Galician waters: results from on-board observations and isotopic signatures – the case of an open ecosystem: The Bay of Biscay (NorthEast Atlantic). Progress in Oceanography 101, 92–105.Google Scholar
Luksenburg, JA (2014) Prevalence of external injuries in small cetaceans in Aruban Waters, Southern Caribbean. PLoS ONE 9, e88988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLeod, R, MacLeod, CD, Learmonth, JA, Jepson, PD, Reid, RJ, Deaville, R and Pierce, GJ (2007) Mass-dependent predation risk and lethal dolphin–porpoise interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 274, 2587–2593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maldini, D, Riggin, J, Cecchetti, A and Cotter, MP (2010) Prevalence of epidermal conditions in California coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Monterey Bay. Ambio 39, 455–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marley, S, Cheney, B and Thompson, PM (2013) Using tooth rakes to monitor population and sex differences in aggressive behavior in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 39, 107–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsili, L, Jiménez, B and Borrell, A (2018) Persistent organic pollutants in cetaceans living in a hotspot area: the Mediterranean Sea. In Fossi, MC and Panti, C (eds), Marine Mammal Ecotoxicology: Impacts of Multiple Stressors on Population. London: Academic Press, pp. 185–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez, E and Stockin, K (2013) Blunt trauma observed in a common dolphin Delphinus sp. likely caused by a vessel collision in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Pacific Conservation Biology 19, 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melero, M, Rubio-Guerri, C, Crespo, JL, Arbelo, M, Vela, AI, García-Párraga, D, Sierra, E, Domínguez, L and Sánchez-Vizcaíno, JM (2011) First case of erysipelas in a free-ranging bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) stranded in the Mediterranean Sea. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 97, 167–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, KT and Barco, SG (2013) Handbook for Recognizing, Evaluating, and Documenting Human Interaction in Stranded Cetaceans and Pinnipeds. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NOAA-TM-NMFS SWFSC-510.Google Scholar
Morgan, MA and Patton, GW (1990) Human dolphin interactions on the west coast of Florida: documentation from MML's Marine Mammal Response Program. Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL.Google Scholar
Murdoch, ME, Reif, JS, Mazzoil, M, McCulloch, SD, Fair, PA and Bossart, GD (2008) Lobomycosis in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: estimation of prevalence, temporal trends, and spatial distribution. EcoHealth 5, 289–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, S, Collet, A and Rogan, E (2005) Mating strategy in the male common dolphin (Delphinus delphis): what gonadal analysis tells us. Journal of Mammalogy 86, 1247–1258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, S, Law, RJ, Deaville, R, Barnett, J, Perkins, MW, Brownlow, A, Penrose, R, Davison, NJ, Barber, JL and Jepson, PD (2018) Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive implication in cetaceans: a case study of the common dolphin. In Fossi, MC and Panti, C (eds), Marine Mammal Ecotoxicology: Impacts of Multiple Stressors on Population. London: Academic Press, pp. 3–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowacek, SM, Wells, RS and Solow, AR (2001) Short-term effects of boat traffic on bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 17, 673–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, ECM (2012) The negative impacts of whale-watching. Journal of Marine Biology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/807294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, ECM and Jefferson, TA (2000) Post-mortem investigations on stranded dolphins and porpoises from Hong Kong waters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36, 342–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pitman, RL, Ballance, LT, Mesnick, SI and Chivers, SJ (2001) Killer whale predation on sperm whales: observations and implications. Marine Mammal Science 17, 494–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, AJ (2008) The looming crisis: interactions between marine mammals and fisheries. Journal of Mammalogy 89, 541–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, AJ and Murray, KT (2000) Gross evidence of human-induced mortality in small cetaceans. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-OPR-15, 26 pp.Google Scholar
Read, AJ, Drinker, P and Northridge, S (2006) Bycatch of marine mammals in US and global fisheries. Conservation Biology 20, 163–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rejinders, PJH, Donovan, GP, Aguilar, A and Bjørge, A (1999) Report of the workshop on chemical pollution and cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 1, 1–42.Google Scholar
Ross, PS (2002) The role of immunotoxic environmental contaminants in facilitating the emergence of infectious diseases in marine mammals. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 8, 277–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, PS, de Swart, RL, Visser, IK, Vedder, LJ, Murk, W, Bowen, WD and Osterhaus, AD (1994) Relative immunocompetence of the newborn harbour seal, Phoca vitulina. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 42, 331–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, L and Dawson, SM (2009) Determining the sex of bottlenose dolphins from Doubtful Sound using dorsal fin photographs. Marine Mammal Science 25, 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubio-Guerri, C, Jiménez, MA, Melero, M, Díaz-Delgado, J, Sierra, E, Arbelo, M, Bellière, EN, Crespo-Picazo, JL, García-Párraga, D, Esperón, F and Sánchez-Vizcaíno, JM (2018) Genetic heterogeneity of dolphin morbilliviruses detected in the Spanish Mediterranean in inter-epizootic period. BMC Veterinary Research 14, 248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz-Giráldez, F, Montero, A, Gálvez, R and García-Gómez, JC (2005) Resultados preliminares del estudio de las poblaciones de cetáceos en la Bahía de Algeciras. Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños 31, 325–330.Google Scholar
Sammartino, SJ, García Lafuente, JG, Sánchez Garrido, JC, De los Santos, FG, Álvarez Fanjul, E, Naranjo, C, Bruno, M and Calero, C (2014) A numerical model analysis of the tidal flows in the Bay of Algeciras, Strait of Gibraltar. Continental Shelf Research 72, 34–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanino, GP, Van Bressem, MF, Van Waerebeek, K and Pozo, N (2014) Skin disorders of coastal dolphins at Añihue Reserve, Chilean Patagonia: a matter of concern. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 63, 127–157.Google Scholar
Scott, EM, Mann, J, Watson-Capps, JJ, Sargeant, BL and Connor, RC (2005) Aggression in bottlenose dolphins: evidence for sexual coercion, male-male competition, and female tolerance through analysis of tooth-rake marks and behaviour. Behaviour 142, 21–44.Google Scholar
Sergeant, DE (1979) Ecological aspects of cetacean strandings. In Geraci, J and St Aubin, D (eds), Biology of Marine Mammals: Insights Through Strandings. Springfield, VA: Report # MMC77/13, National Technical Information Service, pp. 94–113.Google Scholar
Shane, SH (1977) The Population Biology of the Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in the Aransas Pass area of Texas (MSc thesis). Texas A&M University, College Station.Google Scholar
Sierra, E, Zucca, D, Arbelo, M, García-Álvarez, N, Andrada, M, Déniz, S and Fernández, A (2014) Fatal systemic morbillivirus infection in bottlenose dolphin, Canary Islands, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20, 269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, MA and Sequeira, M (2003) Patterns in the mortality of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) on the Portuguese coast, using stranding records, 1975–1998. Aquatic Mammals 29, 88–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, F, Allen, SJ, Bejder, L and Brown, AM (2018) Shark bite injuries on three inshore dolphin species in tropical northwestern Australia. Marine Mammal Science 34, 87–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiger, GH, Calambokidis, J, Straley, JM, Herman, LM, Cerchio, S, Salden, DR, Urbán-R, J, Jacobsen, JK, Von Ziegesar, O, Balcomb, KC, Gabriele, CM, Dahlheim, ME, Uchida, S, Ford, JKB, Ladrón de Guevara, P, Yamaguchi, M and Barlow, J (2008) Geographic variation in killer whale attacks on humpback whales in the North Pacific: implications for predation pressure. Endangered Species Research 4, 247–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tetley, MJ, Kiszka, JJ and Hoyt, E (2012) Defining hotspots for toothed cetaceans involved in pelagic longline fishery depredation in the western Indian Ocean: a preliminary approach. Eighth Session of the IOTC Working Party on Ecosystems and Bycatch. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Cape Town, South Africa.Google Scholar
Van Beveren, E, Fromentin, JM, Bonhommeau, S, Nieblas, AE, Metral, L, Brisset, B, Jusup, M, Bauer, RK, Brosset, P and Saraux, C (2017) Predator–prey interactions in the face of management regulations: changes in Mediterranean small pelagic species are not due to increased tuna predation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, 1422–1430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bressem, MF, Van Waerebeek, K, Jepson, PD, Raga, JA, Duignan, PJ, Nielsen, O, Di Beneditto, AP, Siciliano, S, Ramos, R, Kant, W, Peddemors, V, Kinoshita, R, Ross, PS, López-Fernández, A, Evans, K, Crespo, E and Barrett, T (2001) An insight into the epidemiology of dolphin morbillivirus worldwide. Veterinary Microbiology 81, 287–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bressem, MF, Van Waerebeek, K, Reyes, JC, Félix, F, Echegaray, M, Siciliano, S, Di Beneditto, AP, Flach, L, Viddi, F, Avila, IC, Bolaños, J, Castineira, E, Montes, D, Crespo, E, Flores, PAC, Haase, B, Mendonça de Souza, SMF, Laeta, M and Bernadete Fragoso, A (2007) A preliminary overview of skin and skeletal diseases and traumata in small cetaceans from South American waters. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 6, 7–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bressem, MF, Raga, JA, Di Guardo, G, Jepson, PD, Duignan, PJ, Siebert, U, Barrett, T, Santos, MC, Moreno, IB, Siciliano, S, Aguilar, A and Van Waerebeek, K (2009) Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 86, 143–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bressem, MFE, Flach, L, Reyes, JC, Echegaray, M, Santos, M, Viddi, F, Félix, F, Lodi, L and Van Waerebeek, K (2015) Epidemiological characteristics of skin disorders in cetaceans from South American waters. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 10, 20–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Waerebeek, K, Baker, AN, Félix, F, Gedamke, J, Iñiguez, M, Sanino, GP, Secchi, E, Sutaria, D, Van Helden, A and Wang, Y (2007) Vessel collisions with small cetaceans worldwide and with large whales in the southern hemisphere, an initial assessment. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 6, 43–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visser, I (1999) A summary of interactions between orca (Orcinus orca) and other cetaceans in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Natural Sciences 24, 101–112.Google Scholar
Visser, IN, Zaeschmar, J, Halliday, J, Abraham, A, Ball, P, Bradley, R, Daly, S, Hatwell, T, Johnson, T, Johnson, W, Kay, L, Maessen, T, McKay, V, Petres, T, Turner, N, Umuroa, B and Pace, DS (2010) First record of predation on false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) by killer whales (Orcinus orca). Aquatic Mammals 36, 195–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volker, CL (2016) Aggressive Behaviors of Adult Male Atlantic Spotted Dolphins (Stenella frontalis) During Intraspecific and Interspecific Aggressive Interactions (Doctoral thesis). Florida Atlantic UniversityGoogle Scholar
Wedekin, L, Daura-Jorge, FG and Simões-Lopes, PC (2004) An aggressive interaction between bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in southern Brazil. Aquatic Mammals 30, 391–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weir, CR and Wang, J (2016) Vertebral column anomalies in Indo-Pacific and Atlantic humpback dolphins Sousa spp. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 120, 179–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, RS and Scott, MD (1997) Seasonal incidence of boat strikes on bottlenose dolphins near Sarasota, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 13, 475–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, RS, Hofmann, S and Moors, TL (1998) Entanglement and mortality of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in recreational fishing gear in Florida. Fishery Bulletin 96, 647–650.Google Scholar
Wells, RS, Allen, JB, Hofmann, S, Bassos-Hull, K, Fauquier, DA, Barros, NB, Delynn, RE, Sutton, G, Socha, V and Scott, MD (2008) Consequences of injuries on survival and reproduction of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) along the west coast of Florida. Marine Mammal Science 24, 774–794.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, KA, Wells, RS, Pine, WE III and Borkhataria, RR (2017) Shark bite scar frequency in resident common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 33, 678–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, B, Arnold, H, Bearzi, G, Fortuna, CM, Gaspar, R, Ingram, S, Liret, C, Pribanic, S, Read, AJ, Ridoux, V, Schneider, K, Urian, KW, Wells, RS, Wood, C, Thompson, PM and Hammond, PS (1999) Epidermal diseases in bottlenose dolphins: impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 266, 1077–1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Würsig, B and Jefferson, TA (1990) Methods of photo-identification for small cetaceans. International Whaling Commission 12, 43–52.Google Scholar
Zasloff, M (2011) Observations on the remarkable (and mysterious) wound-healing process of the bottlenose dolphin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 131, 2503–2505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed