Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T16:56:51.215Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Distribution Of Some Plankton Animals In The English Channel And Approaches: III. Theories About Long-Term Biological Changes, Including Fish

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2009

A. J. Southward
A. J. Southward
Affiliation:
The Plymouth Laboratory
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Various biological and environmental changes that have been observed during the present century in the area of the western English Channel are briefly described, and then theories that have been put forward to account for them discussed and compared critically with one another.

At the moment, the rise in sea temperature and a possible accompanying change in emphasis of water movements offers the best explanation of all the changes. Such a theory is obviously applicable to the replacement of coldwater northern forms by warmer-water species that has taken place in many habitats (e.g. demersal fishes, pelagic fishes, intertidal zone). A decline in number of macroplankton animals, including the pelagic young of some demersal fish, can be regarded as another aspect of the temperature change, in part related to a shift in distributional boundaries, but also influenced by the replacement of herring by pilchard, which has apparently led to increased stocks of pelagic fish, and perhaps a higher level of predation throughout the year. It is suggested that the plankton production cycle may have become slightly smoother, and possibly a little more efficient, with less' wastage' to the bottom-fauna, the biomass of which may also have suffered indirectly from the increased stocks of pelagic fish.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 43 , Issue 1 , February 1963 , pp. 1 - 29
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1963

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, R. M., 1959. The densities of Cyprinidae. J. exp. Biol, Vol. 36, PP. 333–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreu, B. & Dos, Santos Pinto J., 1956. Característicos histológicas y biométricas del ovario de sardina (Sardina pilchardus Walb.) en la maduración puesta y recuparación. Origen de los ovocitos. Not. Inst. Biol. marit. Lisboa, T. 6, No. 17, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Bowden, K. F., 1955. Physical oceanography of the Irish Sea. Fish. Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, Vol. 18, no. 8, 67 pp.Google Scholar
Brattström, H., 1941. Übersicht über die physische Geographic des Gebietes zwischen Skagerrak und Ostsee, besonders des Öresundes. Unders. över Öresund, Bd. 27, Teil. 1, pp. 20–134. (Inaug. Diss. Lund.)Google Scholar
Carlisle, D. B. & Tregenza, N., 1961. A hermit crab new to Britain. Nature, Lond., Vol. 190, p. 931.Google Scholar
Clark, R. S., 1920. The pelagic young and early bottom stages of teleosteans. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 12, pp. 160–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colebrook, J. M., John, D. E., & Brown, W. W., 1961. Contribution towards a plankton atlas of the north-eastern Atlantic and the North Sea. II. Copepoda. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 5, pp. 90–7.Google Scholar
Conover, R. J., 1956. Oceanography of Long Island Sound 1952–54. VI. Biology of Acartia clausi and A. tonsa. Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll., Vol. 15, pp. 156–233.Google Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1938. Phosphate in the English Channel in 1933–8, with a comparison with earlier years, 1916 and 1923–32. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 23, pp. 181–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1955a. Hypotheses connecting fluctuations in Arctic climate with biological productivity of the English Channel. Deep Sea Res., Vol. 31, Suppl. 1, pp. 212–23.Google Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1955b. Deep water movements in the North Atlantic as a link between climatic changes around Iceland and biological productivity of the English Channel and Celtic Sea. J. mar. Res., Vol. 14, pp. 347–62.Google Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1958. Sea temperatures in Plymouth Sound. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 37, pp. 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbin, P. G., 1948. The seasonal abundance of young fish. IX. The year 1947. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 27, pp. 718–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbin, P. G., 1949. The seasonal abundance of young fish. X. The year 1948. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 28, pp. 707–12.Google Scholar
Corbin, P. G., 1950. Records of pilchard spawning in the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 29, pp. 91–5.Google Scholar
Couch, J., 1822. Some particulars of the natural history of fishes found in Cornwall. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Vol. 14, pp. 69–92.Google Scholar
Couch, J., 1840. Observations in further illustration of the history and statistics of the pilchard fishery. Trans, polytech. Soc. Cornwall, 1840, pp. 11–26.Google Scholar
Couch, J., 1865. A History of the Fishes of the British Islands, Vol. 4. London.Google Scholar
Crisp, D. J., 1959. The rate of development of Balanus balanoides embryos in vitro. J. Anim. Ecol, Vol. 28, pp. 119–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, D. J. & Southward, A. J., 1958. The distribution of intertidal organisms along the coasts of the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Assoc. U.K., Vol. 37, pp. 157–208.Google Scholar
Cunningham, J. T., 1889. Studies of the reproduction and development of teleostean fishes occurring in the neighbourhood of Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., N.S., Vol. 1, pp. 10–54.Google Scholar
Cunningham, J. T., 1893. The reproduction and growth of the pilchard. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., N.S., Vol. 2, pp. 151–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, J. T., 1895. The life-history of the pilchard. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 3, pp. 148–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushing, D. H., 1957. The number of pilchards in the Channel. Fish. Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, Vol. 21, No. 5, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Cushing, D. H., 1959. On the nature of production in the sea. Fish. Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, Vol. 22, No. 6, 40 pp.Google Scholar
Cushing, D. H., 1961. On the failure of the Plymouth herring fishery. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 41, pp. 799–816.Google Scholar
Dahl, E., 1953. Some bivalvia from the Kattegat. Smärre Unders. öover Öresund 15. K. fysiogr. Sällsk. Lund Förk., Bd. 22, No. 9, 4 pp.Google Scholar
Dietrich, G., 1950. Die anomale Jahresschwankung des Warmeinhalts im Englischen Kanal, ihre Ursachen und Auswirkungen. Dtsch. hydrogr. Z., Bd. 3, pp. 184–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, E., 1929. Herring investigations at Plymouth. V. The Plymouth winter fishery during 1927–28. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 16, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar
Ford, E., 1933. An account of the herring investigations conducted at Plymouth during the years from 1924 to 1933. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 19, pp. 305–84.Google Scholar
Fox, H. M., 1939. The activity and metabolism of poikilothermal animals in different latitudes. V. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., A, Vol. 109, pp. 141–56.Google Scholar
Hand, C. H. & Berner, L., 1959. Food of the Pacific sardine (Sardinops coerulea). Fish. Bull. U.S., Vol. 60, pp. 175–84.Google Scholar
Hardy, A. C, 1924. The herring in relation to its animate environment. Part I. The food and feeding habits of the herring with special reference to the east coast of England. Fish. Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, No. 3, 53 pp.Google Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1925. Water movement and sea temperature in the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 13, pp. 659–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1950. On the production of living matter in the sea off Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 29, pp. 97–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickling, C. F., 1945. The seasonal cycle in the Cornish pilchard, Sardina pilchardus Walbaum. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 26, pp. 115–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, W. C. & Richardson, I. D., 1948. The experiments on the Cornish pilchard fishery in 1947–8. Fish. Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, Vol. 17, No. 2, 21 pp.Google Scholar
Holme, N. A., 1953. The Biomass Of The Bottom Fauna In The English Channel Off Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 32, pp. 1–49.Google Scholar
Holme, N. A., 1961. The bottom fauna of the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K.,. Vol. 41, pp. 397–461.Google Scholar
International Council, 1929–38. Faune Ichthyologique de I'Atlantique Nord. Paris.Google Scholar
Kemp, S., 1938. Oceanography and the fluctuation in the abundance of marine animals. Rep. Brit. Ass., 1938, pp. 85–101.Google Scholar
Kinne, O., 1960. Growth, food intake, and food conversion in a euryplastic fish exposed to different temperatures and salinities. Physiol. Zoöl., Vol. 33, pp. 288–317.Google Scholar
Lumby, J. R., 1935. Salinity and temperature of the English Channel. Estimation of mean values for the upper water layer over the 25-year period 1903 to 1927. Fish. Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, Vol. 14, No. 3, 67 pp.Google Scholar
Massuti, O. M., 1955. Nutrition de la sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walb.); résumé des études effectuées jusqu'à présent. Proc. Tech. Pap. Gen. Fish Council, Mediterranean, No. 3, pp. 131–2.Google Scholar
Qasim, Z., 1956. Time and duration of the spawning season in some marine teleosts in relation to their distribution. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 21, pp. 144–55.Google Scholar
Radovich, J., 1952. Food of the Pacific sardine, Sardinops coerulea, from central Baja California and southern California. Calif. Fish Game, Vol. 38, pp. 575–85.Google Scholar
Rae, B. B., 1961. News items. Scot. Fish Bull, No. 14, p. 23.Google Scholar
Riley, G. A., 1956. Oceanography of Long Island Sound 1952–1954. IX. Production and utilization of organic matter. Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll., Vol. 15, pp. 324–44.Google Scholar
Russell, E. S., 1942. The Overfishing Problem. 128 pp. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1926 a. The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. II. The pelagic young of teleostean fishes in the daytime in the Plymouth area, with a note on the eggs of certain species. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 14, pp. 101–59.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1926 b. The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. III. Diurnal observations on the pelagic young of teleostean fishes in the Plymouth area. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 14, pp. 387–414.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1928. The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. VIII. Further observations on the diurnal behaviour of the pelagic young of teleostean fishes in the Plymouth area. J.mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol 15, pp. 829–50.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1930–39. The seasonal abundance and distribution of the pelagic young of teleostean fishes caught in the ring-trawl in offshore waters in the Plymouth area. I. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 16, pp. 707–22; II. Ibid., Vol. 20, pp. 147–79; III. Ibid., Vol. 20, pp. 565–604; IV. Ibid., Vol. 21, pp. 679–86; V. Ibid., Vol. 22, pp. 493–500; VI. Ibid., Vol. 23, pp. 381–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1933. The seasonal distribution of macroplankton as shown by catches in the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl in offshore waters off Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 19, pp. 73–82.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1935. On the value of certain plankton animals as indicators of water movements in the English Channel and North Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 20, pp. 309–32.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1936. The importance of certain plankton animals as indicators of water movements in the western end of the English Channel. Rapp. Cons. Explor. Mer, Vol. 100, pp. 7–10.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1953. The English Channel. Rep. Trans. Dev. Ass. Adv. Sci., Vol. 85, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar
Scherhag, R., 1937. Die Erwärmung der Arktis. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 12, PP. 363–76.Google Scholar
Smed, J., 1952. Monthly anomalies of the surface temperature in the Celtic Sea during the years 1903–39 and 1946–50. Ann. Biol., Copenhague, T. 8 (1951), pp. 58–62.Google Scholar
Southward, A. J. 1960. On changes of sea temperature in the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 39, pp. 449–58.Google Scholar
Southward, A. J., 1961. The distribution of some plankton animals in the English Channel and Western Approaches. I. Samples taken with stramin nets in 1955 and 1957. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 41, pp. 17–35.Google Scholar
Southward, A. J., 1962. The distribution of some plankton animals in the English Channel and approaches. II. Surveys with the Gulf III high-speed sampler, 1958–60. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 42, pp. 275–375.Google Scholar
Southward, A. J. & Crisp, D. J., 1954. Recent changes in the distribution of the intertidal barnacles Chthamalus stellatus Poli and Balanus balanoides L. in the British Isles. J. Anim. Ecol., Vol. 23, pp. 163–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swithinbank, H., & Bullen, G. E., 1913. The scientific and economic aspects of the Cornish pilchard fishery. I. The food and feeding habits of the pilchard in coastal waters. Mera Publications, No. 1, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Ursin, E., 1960. A quantitative investigation of the echinoderm fauna of the central North Sea. Medd. Kotntn. Havundersag., Kbh., N.S., Bd. 2, Nr. 24, 204 pp.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, A. P., 1953. The elementary chemical composition of marine organisms. (Translation.) Mem. Sears Found., No. 2, 647 pp.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. P., 1951. A biological difference between natural sea waters. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 30, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. P. & Armstrong, F. A. J., 1961. Biological differences between sea waters: experiments in i960. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 41, pp. 663–80.Google Scholar