Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T12:51:20.445Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The distribution of some plankton animals in the English Channel and approaches: ii. Surveys with the Gulf iii high-speed sampler, 1958-60

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2009

A. J. Southward
A. J. Southward
Affiliation:
The Plymouth Laboratory
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Comparison of the recent surveys with investigations back to 1903 confirms earlier suggestions of a general tendency towards an increase in southern forms (including south-western species) and a decrease in northern forms (including north-western species) in the western English Channel, although there has been considerable fluctuation from time to time. These and other biological changes in the area during the past 58 years are believed to be largely a result of rising temperatures and a consequent general shifting of boundaries of distribution. There appears to be no real evidence that the changes in plankton distribution are due to a change in fertility in the water or of variation in strength of inflow of oceanic water. However, these aspects cannot be separated from the changes that have taken place in populations of fish, and will be discussed further in a later paper.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 42 , Issue 2 , June 1962 , pp. 275 - 375
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1962

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ministry, Air, 1921–1938. The Monthly Weather Report of the Meteorological Office, N.S., Vols. 38–55. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Ministry, Air, 1958. Meteorological Office Services. Weather Bulletins and gale warnings for coastwise shipping and fishing vessels. Leaflet Met. Off. Lond., No. 3.Google Scholar
Ahlstrom, E. H., Isaacs, J. D., Thrailkill, J. R. & Kidd, L. W., 1958. Highspeed plankton sampler. Fish Bull. U.S., Vol. 58, pp. 187–214.Google Scholar
Atkins, W. R. G., 1923. The phosphate content of fresh and salt waters in its relationship to the growth of the algal plankton. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 13, pp. 119–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkins, W. R. G., 1925. Seasonal changes in the phosphate content of sea-water in relation to the growth of the algal plankton during 1923 and 1924. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 13, pp. 700–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkins, W. R. G., 1926. Phosphate content of sea water in relation to the growth of the algal plankton. Part III. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 14, pp. 447–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkins, W. R. G., 1928. Seasonal variations in the phosphate and silicate content of sea water during 1926 and 1927 in relation to the phytoplankton crop. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 15, pp. 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkins, W. R. G., 1930. Seasonal variations in the phosphate and silicate content of sea water in relation to the phytoplankton crop. Part V. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 16, pp. 821–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aurich, J., 1950. Besteht fur 1950 Aussicht auf eine Sardellenfischerei in der Nordsee? Das Laichen der Sardelle an der deutschen Nordsee-Kiiste in den Jahren 1948/1949. Fischereiwelt, Jhrg. 2, pp. 26–8.Google Scholar
Barnes, B. I., 1961. Continuous plankton records: contributions towards a plankton atlas of the north-eastern Atlantic and North Sea. IV. Thaliacea. Bull. mar. Ecol, Vol. 5, pp. 102–4.Google Scholar
Bary, B. M., De, Stefano J. G., Forsyth, M. & Van, Den Kerkhof J., 1958. A closing high speed plankton catcher for use in vertical and horizontal towing. Pacif. Sci., Vol. 12, pp. 46–59.Google Scholar
Bieri, R., 1959. The distribution of the planktonic Chaetognatha in the Pacific and their relationship to the water masses. Limnol. Oceanogr., Vol. 4, pp. 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigelow, H. B., 1928a. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., Vol. 40, Pt. 11, pp. 1–509.Google Scholar
Bigelow, H. B.,1928b. Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Maine. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., Vol. 40, Pt. 11, pp. 511–1027.Google Scholar
Bogorov, B. G., 1955. Regularities of plankton distribution in the north-west Pacific. Proc. UNESCO Symp. Phys. Oceanogr. Tokyo, 1955, pp. 260–76.Google Scholar
Bowden, K. F., 1955. Physical oceanography of the Irish Sea. Fish. Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, Vol. 18, No. 8, 67 pp.Google Scholar
Bowman, T. E., 1960. The pelagic amphipod genus Parathemisto (Hyperiidea: Hyperiidae) in the north Pacific and adjacent Arctic Ocean. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., Vol. 112, pp. 343–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridger, J. P., 1958. On efficiency tests made with a modified Gulf III high-speed tow-net. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, T. 23, pp. 357–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burd, A. C. & Lee, A. J., 1951. The sonic scattering layer in the sea. Nature, Lond., Vol. 167, p. 624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, M. F. & Meek, A., 1932. The Northumbrian species of Sagitta. Rep. Dove mar. Lab., Vol. 21, pp. 37–9.Google Scholar
Bygrave, W., 1911. Report on the plankton of the English Channel in 1906. Rep. N. Sea Fish. Invest. Comm., Southern area, 1906–1908, pp. 235–68.Google Scholar
Carruthers, J. N., 1930. Further investigations upon the water movements in the English Channel. Drift bottle experiments in the summers of 1927, 1928 and 1929, with critical notes. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 17, pp. 241–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carruthers, J. N., Lawford, A. L. & Veley, V. F. C, 1950. Studies of water movements and winds at various lightvessels in 1938, 1939 and 1940. I. At the Varne Lightship–and her successors. Ann. biol., Copenhague, T. 6, pp. 115–20.Google Scholar
Carruthers, J. N., Lawford, A. L., Veley, V. F. C. & Gruning, J. F., 1951. Studies of water movements and winds at various lightvessels. II. At the Seven Stones Lightvessel near the Scilly Isles. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 29, 587–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspers, H., 1939. Die Bodenfauna der Helgolander Tiefen Rinne. Helgoland, zviss. Meeresunters. Bd. 2, pp. 1–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colebrook, J. M., John, D. E. & Brown, W. W., 1961. Continuous plankton records: contributions towards a plankton atlas of the north-eastern Atlantic and the North Sea. II. Copepoda. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 5, pp. 90–7.Google Scholar
Colebrook, J. M., Glover, R. S. & Robinson, G. A., 1961. Continuous plankton records: contributions towards a plankton atlas of the north-eastern Atlantic and the North Sea. General Introduction. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 5, pp. 67–80.Google Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1938a. Salt error in determinations of phosphate in sea-water. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 23, pp. 171–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1938b. Phosphate in the English Channel, 1933–8, with a comparison with earlier years, 1916 and 1923–32. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 23, 181–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1955a. Hypotheses connecting fluctuations in Arctic climate with biological productivity of the English Channel. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 3, Suppl. I, pp. 212–23.Google Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1955b. Deep water movements in the North Atlantic as a link between climatic changes around Iceland and biological productivity of the English Channel and Celtic Sea. J. mar. Res., Vol. 14, pp. 347–62.Google Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1958a. Sea temperatures in Plymouth Sound. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 37, pp. 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1958b. Consumption of nutrient salts in the English Channel as a means of measuring production. Rapp. Cons. Explor. Mer, Vol. 144, pp. 35–37.Google Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1960a. Some theorems and procedures in shallow-water oceanography applied to the Celtic Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 39, pp. 155–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1960b. The water flow into the English Channel from the south-west. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 39, pp. 173–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., 1961. The oceanography of the Celtic Sea. II. Conditions in the spring of 1950. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 41, pp. 235–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. H. N., Lawford, A. L. & Veley, V. F. C, 1960. On variations in the current at the Seven Stones Light Vessel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 39, pp. 659–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbin, P. G., 1947. The spawning of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., and pilchard, Clupea pilchardus Walbaum, in the Celtic Sea in 1937–39, with observations on the zooplankton indicator species, Sagitta and Muggiaea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 27, 65–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbin, P. G., 1949. The seasonal abundance of young fish. X. The year 1948. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 28, pp. 707–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbin, P. G., 1950. Records of pilchard spawning in the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 29, pp. 91–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushing, D. H., 1952. Echo surveys of fish. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 185 pp. 45–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushing, D. H., 1957a The interpretation of echo traces. Fish. Invest., Ser. 2, Vol. 21, No. 3, 16 pp.Google Scholar
Cushing, D. H., 1957b. The number of pilchards in the Channel. Fish. Invest., Ser. 2, Vol. 21, No. 5, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Cushing, D. H., 1959a. On the nature of production in the sea. Fish. Invest., Ser. 2, Vol. 22, No. 6, 40 pp.Google Scholar
Cushing, D. H., 1959b. The seasonal variation in oceanic production as a problem in population dynamics. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 24, pp. 455–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushing, D. H., Lee, A. J. & Richardson, I. D., 1956. Echo traces associated with thermoclines. J. mar. Res., Vol. 15, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
Cushing, D. H. & Richardson, I. D., 1955. Echo-sounding experiments on fish. Fish. Invest., Ser. 2, Vol. 18, No. 4, 34 pp.Google Scholar
Cushing, D. H. & Richardson, I. D., 1956. A record of plankton on the echo sounder. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 35, pp. 231–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C, 1872. The Origin of Species. 6th ed. London.Google Scholar
Dietrich, G., 1950. Die anomale Jahresschwankung des Warmenhalts im Englischen Kanal, ihre Ursachen und Auswirkungen. Dtsch. hydrogr. Z., Bd. 3, pp. 184–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietrich, G., Wyrtki, K., Carruthers, J. N., Lawford, A. L. & Parmenter, H. C, 1952. Wind Conditions over the Seas around Britain During the Period 1900–1949. Hamburg: Dtsch. hydr. Inst., 38 pp.Google Scholar
Einarsson, H., 1945. Euphausiacea. I. Northern Atlantic species. DanaRep., No. 27, pp. 1–185.Google Scholar
Farran, G. P., 1947. Vertical distribution of plankton (Sagitta, Calanus and Metridia) off the south coast of Ireland. Proc. R. Irish Acad., Vol. 51 B, pp. 121–36.Google Scholar
Fish, C. J., 1925. Seasonal distribution of the plankton of the Woods Hole region. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., Vol. 41, pp. 91–179.Google Scholar
Fisher, L. R. & Goldie, E. H., 1959. The food of Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M.Sars) with an assessment of the contributions of its components to the vitamin A reserves of the animal. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 38, pp. 291–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, J. H., 1949. The distribution of Thaliacea (salps and doliolids) in Scottish waters. 1920 to 1939. Sci. Invest. Fish. Div. Scot., No. 1, pp. 1–44.Google Scholar
Fraser, J. H., 1952. The Chaetognatha and other zooplankton of the Scottish area and their value as biological indicators of hydrographical conditions. Mar. Res. Scot., No. 2, 52 pp.Google Scholar
Fraser, J. H., 1960. Nigerian Chaetognatha. Sagitta friderici R.-Z. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 13, Vol. 3, pp. 289–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, J. H., 1961. The oceanic and bathypelagic plankton of the north-east Atlantic and its possible significance to fisheries. Mar. Res. Scot., No. 4, 48 pp.Google Scholar
Furnestin, J., 1938. Influence de la salinite sur la repartition du genre Sagitta dans l'Atlantique nord-est. Rev. Trav. off. Peches marit., T. 11, pp. 425–39.Google Scholar
Furnestin, M.-L., 1957. Chaetognathes et zooplancton du secteur atlantique marocain. Rev. Trav. off. Peches marit., T. 21, pp. 1–356.Google Scholar
Furnestin, M.-L., 1958. Les variations morphologiques de Sagitta setosa Muller et ses rapports avec deux especes voisins. Rep. Trav. off. Peches marit., T. 22, pp. 211–24.Google Scholar
Gehringer, J. W., 1952. An all-metal plankton sampler (Model Gulf III). Spec. sci. Rep. Fish., U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., No. 88, pp. 7–12.Google Scholar
Gehrke, J., 1907. Mean velocity of the Atlantic currents running north of Scotland and through the English Channel. Publ. Circ. Cons. Explor. Mer, Vol. 40, 18 pp.Google Scholar
Glover, R. S., 1952. Continuous plankton records: the Euphausiacea of the northeastern Atlantic and the North Sea, 1946–1948. Bull. mar. Ecol, Vol. 3, No. 23, pp. 185–214.Google Scholar
Glover, R. S., 1953. The Hardy plankton indicator and sampler: a description of the various models in use. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 4, No. 26, pp. 7–20.Google Scholar
Glover, R. S., 1957 An ecological survey of the drift net herring fishery off the north-east coast of Scotland. Part II. The planktonic environment of the herring. Bull. mar. Ecol, Vol. 5, No. 39, 43 pp.Google Scholar
Glover, R. S., Cooper, G. A. & Forsyth, D. C. T., 1961. An ecological survey of a Scottish herring fishery. Part III. Geographical and ecological groups in the plankton. Bull. mar. Ecol, Vol. 5, No. 47, pp. 195–205.Google Scholar
Gough, L. H., 1905. Report on the plankton of the English Channel in 1903. Rep. N. Sea Fish. Invest. Comm., Southern Area, 1902–1903, pp. 325–77.Google Scholar
Gough, L. H., 1907. Report on the plankton of the English Channel in 1904 and 1905. Rep. N. Sea Fish. Comm., Southern Area, 1904–1905, Pt. 1, pp. 165–268.Google Scholar
Hardy, A. C, 1936. The ecological relations between the herring and the plankton investigated with the plankton indicator. I. The object, plan and methods of the investigation.J. mar. biol Ass. U.K., Vol. 21, pp. 147–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1923. Hydrographic features of the water in the neighbourhood of Plymouth during the years 1921 and 1922. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 13, pp. 225–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1925. Water movement and sea temperature in the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 13, pp. 659–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1929. Hydrodynamics of the waters south east of Ireland. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 4, pp. 80–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1930. Hydrography of the mouth of the English Channel 1925–1928. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 16, pp. 791–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1934 Hydrography of the mouth of the English Channel 1929–1932. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 19, pp. 737–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1935. Note concerning a measuring plankton net. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 10, pp. 179–84.Google Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1950. On the production of living matter in the sea off Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 29, pp. 97–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1954. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Sea Water. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hedgpeth, J. W., 1957. Marine Biogeography: in Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology, Vol. 1. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. No. 67, pp. 359–82.Google Scholar
Hempel, G., 1959. Untersuchungen iiber die Verbreitung der Heringslarven in Englisch Kanal und der sÜdlichen Nordsee im Januar 1959. Helgoland wiss. Meeresunters., Bd. 7, pp. 72–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, G. T. D., 1961. Continuous plankton records: contributions towards a plankton atlas of the north-eastern Atlantic and North Sea. V. Young fish. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 5, pp. 105–11.Google Scholar
Hickling, C. F., 1925. Notes on euphausiids. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 13, PP. 735–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hida, T. S., 1957. Chaetognaths and pteropods as biological indicators in the North Pacific. Spec. set. Rep. Fish., U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., No. 215, 13 pp.Google Scholar
Hodgson, W. C, 1950. Echo-sounding and the pelagic fisheries. Fish Invest., Ser. 2, Vol. 17, No. 4, 25 pp.Google Scholar
Hodgson, W. C. &Richardson, I. D., 1948. The experiments on the Cornish pilchard fishery in 1947–8. Fish. Invest., Ser. 2, Vol. 17, No. 2, 21 pp.Google Scholar
Hurley, D. E., 1955. Pelagic amphipods of the suborder Hyperiidea in New Zealand waters. Trans, roy. Soc. N.Z., Vol. 83, pp. 119–94.Google Scholar
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL, 1908. Results for 1906–1907. Bull. Croisper. Explor. Mer, 1906–1907.Google Scholar
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL, 1909. Results for 1907–1908. Bull. Crois. per. Explor. Mer, 1907–1908.Google Scholar
Kemp, S., 1938. Oceanography and the fluctuations in the abundance of marine animals. Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1938, pp. 85–101.Google Scholar
Kunne, C., 1937. Uber die Verbreitung der Leitformen des Grossplanktons in der sÜdlichen Nordsee im Winter. Ber. dtsch. Komm. Meeresforsch., N.F., Bd. 8, pp. 131–64.Google Scholar
Lee, A., 1960. Hydrographic observations in the Irish Sea. Fish. Invest., Ser. 2, Vol. 23, No. 2, 25 pp.Google Scholar
Lucas, C. E. & RAE, K. M., 1946. The plankton in the North Sea in relation to its environment. I. The hydrological background in the southern North Sea 1930–37. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 3, pp. 1–33.Google Scholar
Mcintyre, A. D., 1961. Quantitative differences in the fauna of boreal mud associations. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 41, pp. 599–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mankowski, W., 1951. Zmiany biologiczne w Baltyku w ciagu ostatnich lat piecdziesieciu (English summary). Rep. Sea Fish. Inst. Gdynia, T. 6, pp. 95–118.Google Scholar
Mankowski, W., 1959. Badania makroplanktonu poludniowego Baltyku w latach 1952–1955 (English summary). Rep. Sea Fish. Inst. Gydnia, T. 10A, pp. 69–130.Google Scholar
Marine Biological Association, 1957. Plymouth Marine Fauna. 3rd Ed.Google Scholar
Marshall, N. B., 1948. Continuous plankton records: zooplankton (other than Copepoda and young fish) in the North Sea, 1938–1939. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 2, No. 13, pp. 173–213-Google Scholar
Matthews, D. J., 1905. Report on the physical conditions in the English Channel, 1903. Rep. N. Sea Fish. Invest. Comm., Southern Area, 1902–1903, pp. 289–324.Google Scholar
Matthews, D. J., 1909. Report on the physical conditions in the English Channel and adjacent waters, 1904 and 1905. Rep. N. Sea Fish. Invest. Comm., Southern Area, 1904- 1905, pp. 281–345.Google Scholar
Matthews, D. J., 1911. Report on the physical conditions in the English Channel and adjacent waters, 1906. Rep. N. Sea Fish. Invest. Comm., Southern Area, 1906–1908, pp. 269–82.Google Scholar
Matthews, D. J., 1914. The salinity and temperature of the Irish Channel and the waters south of Ireland. Sci. Invest. Fish. Br. Ire., 1913, No. 4, 26 pp.Google Scholar
Mauchline, J., 1960. The biology of the euphausid crustacean Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Scars). Proc. roy Soc. Edinb., Vol. 67, pp. 141–79.Google Scholar
Meek, A., 1928. On Sagitta elegans and Sagitta setosa from the Northumbrian plankton, with a note on a trematode parasite. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1928, PP. 743–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menzel, D. W. & Ryther, J. H., 1961. Zooplankton in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda and its relation to organic production. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 26, pp. 250–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mielck, W. & Künne, C, 1935. Fischbrut- und Plankton-Untersuchungen auf dem Reichforschungsdampfer “Poseidon” im der Ostsee, Mai-Juni 1931. Wiss. Meeresuntersuch., N.F., Abt. Helg., Bd. 19, No. 7, 120 pp.Google Scholar
Mortensen, T. H., 1927. Handbook of the Echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostenfeld, C. H., 1931. Concluding remarks on the plankton collected on the quarterly cruises in the years 1902 to 1908. Bull. Crois. per. Explor. Mer, Res. Plankton, Pt. 4, pp. 601–72.Google Scholar
Parsons, T. R. & Strickland, J. D. H., 1959. Proximate analysis of marine standing crops. Nature, Lond., Vol. 184, p. 2038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rae, B. B., 1961. News Items. Scot. Fish. Bull., No. 14, p. 23.Google Scholar
Rae, K. M. & Fraser, J. H., 1941. Ecological investigations with the continuous plankton recorder: the Copepoda in the southern North Sea, 1932–37. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 1, Pt. 4, pp. 171–238.Google Scholar
Rae, K. M. & Rees, C. B., 1947. Continuous plankton records: the Copepoda in the North Sea, 1938–1939. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 2, Pt. 11, 95–132.Google Scholar
Richardson, I. D., 1951. Echo-sounder surveys for sprats in the 1950–1 season. Ann. biol., Copenhague, Vol. 7, pp. 97–8.Google Scholar
Richardson, I. D., Cushing, D. H., Harden-Jones, F. R., Beverton, R. J. H. & Blacker, R. W., 1959. Echo-sounding experiments in the Barents Sea. Fish. Invest., Ser. 2, Vol. 22, No. 9, 57 pp.Google Scholar
Riley, G. A., 1956. Oceanography of Long Island Sound 1952–1954. IX. Production and utilization of organic matter. Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll., Vol. 15, pp. 324–44.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1925. The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. An observation on diurnal changes. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 13, pp. 769–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1927. The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. V. The distribution of animals caught in the daytime in the Plymouth area. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 14, pp. 557–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1930. The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. IX. The distribution of the pelagic young of teleostean fishes in the daytime in the Plymouth area. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 16, pp. 639–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1931. The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. X. Notes on the behaviour of Sagitta in the Plymouth area. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 17, pp. 39I-4I4-CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1932. On the biology of Sagitta. The breeding and growth of Sagitta elegans Verrill in the Plymouth area, 1930–31. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 18, pp. 131–45-CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1933 The seasonal distribution of macroplankton as shown by catches in the 2-metre stramin ring trawl in offshore waters off Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 19, pp. 73–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1934. On the occurrence of the siphonophores Muggiaea atlantica Cunningham and Muggiaea kochi (Will) in the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 19, pp. 555–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1935a. The seasonal abundance and distribution of the pelagic young of teleostean fish caught in the ring-trawl in offshore waters in the Plymouth area. II. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 20, pp. 147–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1935b. On the value of certain plankton animals as indicators of water movements in the English Channel and North Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 20, pp. 309–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1936a. A review of some aspects of zooplankton research. Rapp. Cons. Explor. Mer, Vol. 95, pp. 3–30.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1936b. Observations on the distribution of plankton animal indicators made on Col. E. T. Peel' yach' St. George' in the mouth of the English Channel, July, 1935. J, mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 20, pp. 507–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1936c. The importance of certain plankton animals as indicators of water movements in the western end of the English Channel. Rapp. Cons. Explor. Mer, Vol. 100, pp. 7–10.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1936d. The seasonal abundance of the pelagic young of teleostean fishes in the Plymouth area. III. The year 1935, with a note on the conditions as shown by the occurrence of plankton indicators. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 20, pp. 595–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1937 The seasonal abundance of the pelagic young of teleostean fishes in the Plymouth area. IV. The year 1936. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 21, pp. 679–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1938. On the seasonal abundance of young fish. V. The year 1937. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 22, pp. 493–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1939a. On the seasonal abundance of young fish. VI. The year 1938. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 23, pp. 381–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1939b. Hydrographical and biological conditions in the North Sea as indicated by plankton organisms. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 14, pp. 171–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1947 On the seasonal abundance of young fish. VIII. The year 1946. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. Vol. 26, pp. 605–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherhag, R., 1937. Die Erwarmung der Arktis. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 12, pp. 263–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slinn, D. J., 1959. Chemical constituents in sea-water off Port Erin during 1958. Ann. Rep. mar. biol. Sta. Pt. Erin, No. 71, pp. 24–8.Google Scholar
Smed, J., 1958, 1959. Synoptic Hydrographic Charts. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Southward, A. J., 1960. On changes of sea temperature in the English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 39, pp. 449–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, A. J., 1961. The distribution of some plankton animals in the English Channel and Western Approaches. I. Samples taken with stramin nets in 1955 and 1957. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 41, pp. 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, A. J. & Crisp, D. J. 1954. Recent changes in distribution of the intertidal barnacles Chthamalus stellatus Poli and Balanus balanoides L. in the British Isles. J. Anim. Ecol. Vol. 23, pp. 163–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, J. H., 1961. The environment of a herring fishery. Mar. Res. Scot. 1961, No. 6, 19 pp.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. C., Bigelow, H. B. & Graham, H. W., 1957. Climatic trends and the distribution of marine animals in New England. Fish. Bull. U.S., Vol. 115, No. 57, pp. 293–345.Google Scholar
Trout, G. C., Lee, A. J., Richardson, I. D. & Harden-Jones, F. R., 1952. Recent echo-sounder studies. Nature, Lond., Vol. 170, p. 71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tungate, D. S., 1958. Echo-sounder surveys in the autumn of 1956. Fish. Invest., Lond., Ser. 2, No. 2, 17 pp.Google Scholar
Vane, F. R., 1961. Continuous plankton records: contribution towards a plankton atlas of the North Sea. III. Gastropoda. Bull. mar. Ecol., Vol. 5, pp. 98–101.Google Scholar
Waldmann, J., 1959. Zooplanktonuntersuchungen in der Wismarschen Bucht. Z. Fisch., N.F., Bd. 8, pp. 557–64.Google Scholar
Wells, A. L., 1938. Some notes on the plankton of the Thames Estuary. J. Anitn. Ecol., Vol. 7, pp. 105–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickstead, J. H., 1961. A quantitative and qualitative study of some Indo-West Pacific plankton. Fish. Publ., Lond., No. 16, 200 pp.Google Scholar
Williamson, D. I., 1952. Distribution of plankton in the Irish Sea in 1949 and 1950. Proc. Lpool biol. Soc, Vol. 58, pp. 1–46.Google Scholar
Williamson, D. I., 1956a. The plankton in the Irish Sea, 1951 and 1952. Bull mar. Ecol., Vol. 4, pp. 87–114.Google Scholar
Williamson, D. I., 1956b. Planktonic evidence for irregular flow through the Irish Sea and North Channel in the Autumn of 1954. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 35, pp. 461–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, M. H., 1961. An ecological survey of a Scottish herring fishery. Part IV. Changes in the plankton during the period 1949 to 1959. Bull mar. Ecol., Vol. 5, pp. 207–29.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. P. & Armstrong, F. A. J., 1961. Biological differences between sea waters: experiments in 1960. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 41, pp. 663–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar