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Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2016

Luciana Martins ,
Camilla Souto ,
Joel Braga  and
Marcos Tavares
Luciana Martins*
Affiliation:
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, CEP: 04218–970, Brazil
Camilla Souto
Affiliation:
Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, 1101 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley–CA 94720, USA
Joel Braga
Affiliation:
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, CEP: 04218–970, Brazil
Marcos Tavares
Affiliation:
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, CEP: 04218–970, Brazil
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: L. Martins, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, São Paulo–SP, CEP: 04218–970, Brazil. email: [email protected]
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Abstract

The degree of isolation of oceanic islands makes these environments an excellent model for evolutionary studies. Proper knowledge of the species composition of oceanic islands, however, is required to better understand evolutionary processes (e.g. speciation events). A 3-year survey in the shallow waters (up to 30 m) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz oceanic insular complex, and a literature review on the data published for these islands and for Fernando de Noronha and São Pedro and São Paulo oceanic archipelagos have been conducted to document the biodiversity of echinoids and holothuroids from these isolated Brazilian oceanic islands. Sixteen species were collected and characterized morphologically, including two first records for the South Atlantic and one for Brazil. Comparison with conspecific specimens from the Brazilian coast and congeners was also done. Species richness increased from six to 18; the richness in Trindade Island being the highest among the South Atlantic oceanic islands. However, these islands remain undersampled beyond 30-m depth. Endemism was very low, suggesting the potential role of oceanic currents and seamounts as stepping-stones in transoceanic dispersal of species to remote islands. The Brazilian oceanic islands are impoverished oceanic outposts of the Brazilian Province; nevertheless, endemic species and intraspecific morphological variations compared with the mainland suggest they may also be regions of speciation. Documenting their biodiversity is critical for effective management and conservation of their marine ecosystems.

Keywords

Oceanic islandsSaint Peter and Paul Rocksbiodiversityspecies richnessnew records
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 98 , Issue 3 , May 2018 , pp. 521 - 555
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016 

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