The paper first gives sufficient conditions on the critical points and the Schwarzian derivative of a real rational function $R$ such that the Julia set of $R$ is $\bar{{\bb C}}$ . Further, it is shown that under mild conditions on another real rational function $\tilde{R}$ with possibly non-empty Fatou set, the Julia set of $\tilde{R} \circ R$ is the whole Riemann sphere again. Then families of rational functions are given whose Julia set is $\bar{{\bb C}}$ and whose critical points are not necessarily preperiodic. Concrete examples were previously available only for the preperiodic case. Finally, it is demonstrated that the methods presented also apply to the construction of polynomials whose Julia sets are dendrites and whose critical points in the Julia set are not necessarily preperiodic.