Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T06:32:33.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Intonational diglossia: a case study of Glasgow

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2007

Alan Cruttenden*
Affiliation:
Oxford University Phonetics [email protected]

Abstract

Auditory and acoustic data were produced from recordings of a Glaswegian English speaker in conversational and reading modes. Clearly different intonational systems were used in the two modes. The reading style used an intonation similar to that used in standard British intonation (the intonation of ‘Received Pronunciation’ (RPI)). The conversational style was an example of the type of intonation used in a number of cities in the north of the UK (Urban North British Intonation (UNBI)), characterised by a default intonation involving rising or rising-slumping nuclear pitch patterns. This speaker illustrates a clear-cut case of intonational diglossia with a falling default tune in the one mode and a rising(-falling) default tune in the other.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abercrombie, D. (1979). The accents of Standard English in Scotland. In Aitken, & McArthur, (eds.), 68–84.Google Scholar
Aitken, A. J. (1979). Scottish speech: a historical view, with special reference to the Standard English of Scotland. In Aitken, & McArthur, (eds.), 85–118.Google Scholar
Aitken, A. J. (1984). Scottish accents and dialects. In Trudgill, (ed.), 95–114.Google Scholar
Aitken, A. J. & McArthur, T. (eds.) (1979). Languages of Scotland. Edinburgh: Chambers.Google Scholar
Aufterbeck, M. (2003). Scottish English Intonation: A Phonetic Analysis of a Fife Dialect. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ayers, G. (1994). Discourse functions of pitch range in spontaneous and read speech. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics 44, 149.Google Scholar
Beckman, M. E. & Ayers, G. M. (1997). Guidelines for ToBI labelling. http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi (accessed 2 March 2006).Google Scholar
Bel, B. & Martin, I. (eds.) (2002). Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002 Conference. Aix-en-Provence: Laboratoire Parole et Langage.Google Scholar
Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2006). Praat: doing phonetics by computer (Version 4.4.12) [Computer program]. http://www.praat.org (accessed 2 March 2006).Google Scholar
Bradford, B. (1997). Upspeak in British English. English Today 13, 2936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britain, D. (1992). Linguistic change in intonation: the use of high rise terminals in New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 4, 77104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britain, D. & Newman, J. (1992). High rising terminals in New Zealand English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22, 111 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G., Currie, K. & Kenworthy, J. (1980). Questions of Intonation. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Bruce, G. (1995). Modelling Swedish intonation for read and spontaneous speech. In Elenius, K. & Branderud, P. (eds.), Proceedings of International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Stockholm 2, 28–35. Stockholm: KTH & Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Cruttenden, A. (1994). Rises in English. In Windsor Lewis, J. (ed.), Studies in English and General Phonetics: Essays in Honour of Professor J. D. O'Connor, 155173. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cruttenden, A. (1997a). Intonation (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruttenden, A. (1997b). Geographical and stylistic variation in English intonation. In Duchet, J. L. (ed.), Proceedings of the ALOES Conference, Villetaneuse, Paris, 1–8. Paris: ALOES.Google Scholar
Cruttenden, A. (2001). Mancunian intonation and intonational representation. Phonetica 58, 5380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crystal, D. & Davy, D. (1969). Investigating English Style. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Dalton, M. & Ní Chasaide, A. (2005). Tonal alignment in Irish dialects. Language and Speech 48, 441464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, C. (1959). Diglossia. Word 15, 325340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabe, E. (2002). Variation adds to prosodic typology. In Bel, & Martin, (eds.), 127–132.Google Scholar
Grabe, E. (2004). Intonational variation in urban dialects of English spoken in the British Isles. In Gilles, P. & Peters, J. (eds.), Regional Variation in Intonation, 931. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Grabe, E. Coleman, J. & Kochanski, G. (2007). OXIGEN: the OXford Intonation GENerator. http//www.phon.ox.ac.uk/oxigen (accessed 1 June 2007).Google Scholar
Grabe, E. & Post, B. (2002). Intonational variation in English. In Bel, & Martin, (eds.), 343–346.Google Scholar
Guy, G., Horvath, B., Vonwiller, J., Disley, E. & Rogers, I. (1986). An intonational change in progress in Australian English. Language in Society 15, 2352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschberg, J. (2000). A corpus-based approach to the study of speaking style. In Horne, M. (ed.), Prosody: Theory and Experiment, 335350. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschberg, J. & Ward, G. (1995). The interpretation of the high-rise question contour in English. Journal of Pragmatics 24, 14071412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirst, D. J. (2005). Form and function in the representation of speech prosody. In Hirose, K., Hirst, D. J. & Sagisaka, Y. (eds.), Quantitative Prosody Modeling for Natural Speech Description and Generation. Special issue of Speech Communication 46, 334–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarman, E. & Cruttenden, A. (1976). Belfast intonation and the myth of the fall. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 6, 412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, C. (1997). Phonology. In Jones, C. (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, 267334. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, G. (1975). Scouse: The Urban Dialect of Liverpool. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds.Google Scholar
Knowles, G. (1978). The nature of phonological variables in Scouse. In Trudgill, (ed.), 80–90.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Ladd, D. R. (1996). Intonational Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Local, J. (1986). Patterns and problems in a study of Tyneside intonation. In Johns Lewis, C. (ed.), Intonation in Discourse, 181198. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Lowry, O. (2002). The stylistic variation of nuclear patterns in Belfast English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32, 3342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayo, C., Aylett, M. & Ladd, D. R. (1997). Prosodic transcription of Glasgow English: an evaluation of GlaToBI. In Botinis, A., Kouroupetroglou, G. & Carayiannis, G. (eds.), Intonation: Theory, Models and Applications (Proceedings of an ESCA Workshop, Athens, September, 1997), 231–234. Athens: European Speech Science Association.Google Scholar
McClure, J. D. (1980). Western Scottish intonation: a preliminary study. In Waugh, L. R. & van Schooneveld, C. H. (eds.), The Melody of Language: Intonation and Prosody, 201218. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.Google Scholar
McElholm, D. D. (1986). Intonation in Derry English. In Kirkwood, H. (ed.), Studies in Intonation (Occasional Papers in Linguistics and Language Learning 11), 158. Ulster: University of Ulster.Google Scholar
McGregor, R. L. (1980). The social distribution of an Australian intonation contour. Working Papers, Macquarie University: School of English and Linguistics 2, 126.Google Scholar
O'Connor, J. D. & Arnold, G. F. (1973). The Intonation of Colloquial English (2nd edn.). London: Longman.Google Scholar
Pellowe, J. & Jones, V. (1978). On intonational variability in Tyneside speech. In Trudgill, (ed.), 101–121.Google Scholar
Quirk, R., Duckworth, A. P., Rusiecki, J. P. & Colin, A. J. P. (1964). Studies in the correspondence of prosodic to grammatical features in English. In Lunt, H. G. (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, 679–685. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Samuels, M. L. (1972). Linguistic Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart-Smith, J. (2003). The phonology of Modern Urban Scots. In Corbett, J., McClure, J. D. & Stuart-Smith, J. (eds.), The Edinburgh Companion to Scots, 110137. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (1974). The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (ed.) (1978). Sociolinguistic Patterns in British Speech. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (ed.) (1984). Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vizcaino-Ortega, F. (2002). A preliminary analysis of yes/no questions in Glasgow English. In Bel, & Martin, (eds.), 683–685.Google Scholar
Warren, P. & Britain, D. (2000). Prosody and intonation of New Zealand English. In Bell, A. & Kuiper, B. (eds.), New Zealand English, 146172. Wellington: Victoria University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar