Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T01:51:48.626Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Style, prosodic variation, and the social meaning of intonation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2013

Nicholas Henriksen
Nicholas Henriksen*
Affiliation:
University of [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper reports on an acoustic analysis of the intonational patterns of declarative questions and wh-questions produced by a group of young adults residing in a rural town of south-central Spain. Question intonation has been reported as highly variable across and within Spanish dialects; recent sociophonetic research on multiple languages suggests that intonational variation may be accounted for by speaking condition (i.e. speech style) in addition to other linguistic and social factors. This study is an initial attempt to examine the potential interactions between speaking condition (read speech vs. task-based dialogue) and social characteristics (speaker sex) on intonational variation. First, it is shown that 12 of the 16 speakers undergo at least one style-shift between speaking conditions; these data are captured in variationist terms, providing empirical assessments about formal and vernacular variants for the two sentence types in question. Second, it is shown that speaker sex differences play a role in style-shifting, and this leads to the hypothesis that variation in declarative questions may have developed as a marker of local identity for Manchego men. All in all, this study offers empirical support that the findings on sociophonetic variation warrant consideration in current models of speech production.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Phonetic Association , Volume 43 , Issue 2 , August 2013 , pp. 153 - 193
Copyright
Copyright © International Phonetic Association 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alvord, Scott M. 2006. Spanish intonation in contact: The case of Miami Cuban bilinguals. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Alvord, Scott M. 2010. Variation in Miami Cuban Spanish interrogative intonation. Hispania 93 (2), 235–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Anne, Bader, Miles, Bard, Ellen, Boyle, Elizabeth, Doherty, Gwyneth, Garrod, Simon, Isard, Stephen, Kowtko, Jacqueline, McCallister, Jan, Miller, Jim, Sotillo, Catherine, Thompson, Henry & Weinert, Regina. 1991. The HCRC Map Task Corpus. Language and Speech 34, 351–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andruski, Jean E. & Costello, James. 2004. Using polynomial equations to model pitch contour shape in lexical tones: An example from Green Mong. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34, 125–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, Meghan. 2010. Puerto Rican Spanish Intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 155–190.Google Scholar
Arvaniti, Amalia & Garding, Gina. 2007. Dialectal variation in the rising accents of American English. InCole, Jennifer & Hualde, José I. (eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology 9, 547–576. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Arvaniti, Amalia & Ladd, D. Robert. 2009. Greek wh-questions and the phonology of intonation. Phonology 26, 43–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arvaniti, Amalia, Ladd, D. Robert & Mennen, Ineke. 1998. Stability of tonal alignment: The case of Greek prenuclear accents. Journal of Phonetics 26, 3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arvaniti, Amalia, Ladd, D. Robert & Mennen, Ineke. 2000. What is a starred tone? In Pierrehumbert, Janet B. & Broe, Michael (eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology V, 119–131. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arvaniti, Amalia, Ladd, D. Robert & Mennen, Ineke. 2006. Phonetic effects of focus and ‘tonal crowding’ in intonation: Evidence from Greek polar questions. Speech Communication 48, 667–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Astruc, Lluïsa, Mora, Elsa & Rew, Simon. 2010. Venezuelan Andean Spanish intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 191–226.Google Scholar
Atterer, Michaela & Ladd, D. Robert. 2004. The phonetics and phonology of ‘segmental anchoring’ of F0: Evidence from German. Journal of Phonetics 32, 177–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Rachel & Bradlow, Ann. 2009. Variability in word duration as a function of probability, speech style, and prosody. Language and Speech 52, 391–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckman, Mary [E.], Díaz-Campos, Manuel, McGory, Julia & Morgan, Terrell A.. 2002. Intonation across Spanish in the Tones and Break Indices framework. Probus 14, 9–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckman, Mary E. & Pierrehumbert, Janet B.. 1986. Intonational structure in Japanese and English. Phonology Yearbook 3, 255–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1984. Language style as audience design. Language in Society 13, 145–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1997. Language style as audience design. In Coupland, Nikolas & Jaworski, Adam (eds.), Sociolinguistics: A reader, 240–250. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 1995. Dimensions of register variation: A cross-linguistic comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas & Conrad, Susan. 2009. Register, genre, and style. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas & Finegan, Edward (eds.). 1994. Sociolinguistic perspectives on register. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David. 2013. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (version 5.3.42). http://www.praat.org/ (accessed 18 March 2013).Google Scholar
Britain, David. 1992. Linguistic change in intonation: The use of high rising terminals in New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 4, 77–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, Gösta. 1977. Swedish word accents in sentence perspective. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
Butragueño, Pedro. 2004. Configuraciones circunflejas en la entonación del español mexicano. Revista de Filología Española 84 (2), 347–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrera Abreu, Mercedes & Ortega, Francisco Vizcaíno. 2010. Canarian Spanish intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 87–122.Google Scholar
Caspers, Johanneke. 1998. Who's next? The melodic marking of question vs. continuation in Dutch. Language and Speech 41, 375–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspers, Johanneke. 2000. Melodic characteristics of backchannels in Dutch Map Task dialogs. In International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICLSP–2000), vol. 2, 611–614.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1992. Linguistic correlates of gender and sex. English World-Wide 13 (2), 173–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colantoni, Laura & Gurlekian, Jorge. 2004. Convergence and intonation: Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish. Bilingualism: Language and cognition 7 (2), 107–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 1980. Style-shifting in a Cardiff word-setting. Language in Society 9, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 1984. Accommodation at work: Some phonological data and their implications. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 46, 49–70.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 1985. ‘Hark, hark, the lark’: Social mechanisms for phonological style-shifting. Language and Communication 5, 153–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2001. Dialect stylization in radio talk. Language in Society 30, 345–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2007. Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruttenden, Alan. 2007. Intonational diglossia: A case study of Glasgow. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (2), 257–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, Martha & Chasaide, Ailbhe Ní. 2005. Tonal alignment in Irish dialects. Language and Speech 48 (4), 441–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, Nicola & Warren, Paul. 2001. Pitching it differently in New Zealand English: Speaker sex and intonation patterns. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5, 85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de la Mota, Butragueño & Prieto. 2010. Mexican Spanish intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 319–350.Google Scholar
del Giudice, Alex, Shosted, Ryan K., Davidson, Katherine, Salihie, Mohammad & Arvaniti, Amalia. 2007. Comparing methods for comparing ‘pitch elbows’. In 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS16), Saarbrücken, 117–1120.Google Scholar
D'Imperio, Mariapaola. 2002. Italian intonation: An overview and some questions. Probus 14, 37–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drager, Katie. 2009. A sociophonetic ethnography of Selwyn Girls’ High. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 1987. Relative values of opposing variables. In Denning, Keith, Inkelas, Sharon, Knox, Faye McNair & Rickford, John (eds.), NWAV-XV at Stanford, 101–110. Stanford, CA: Department of Linguistics, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Linguistic variation as social practice. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12 (4), 433–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41, 87–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope & Rickford, John (eds.). 2001. Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elordieta, Gorka. 2003. The Spanish intonation of speakers of a Basque pitch-accent dialect. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 2, 67–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elordieta, Gorka & Calleja, Nagore. 2005. Microvariation in accentual alignment in Basque Spanish. Language and Speech 48 (4), 397–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escandell-Vidal, Victoria. 1996. Intonation and procedural encoding in Spanish Interrogatives. In Gutiérrez-Rexach, Javier & Silva-Villar, L. (eds.), Perspectives in Spanish linguistics, 35–54Los Angeles, CA: UCLA, Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Escandell-Vidal, Victoria. 1998. Intonation and procedural encoding: The case of Spanish interrogatives. In Rouchota, Villy & Jucker, Andreas H. (eds.), Current issues in Relevance Theory, 169–203. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva & Prieto, Pilar. 2008. La notación prosódica del español: Una revisión del Sp_ToBI. Estudios de fonética experimental 17, 263–283.Google Scholar
Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva & Prieto, Pilar. 2010. Castilian Spanish Intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 17–48.Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2002. Intonational marking of contrastive focus in Madrid Spanish. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2003. Interaction in Spanish declaratives: Differences between lab speech and spontaneous speech. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 2, 115–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2004. The intonation of absolute interrogatives in Castilian Spanish. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 23 (2), 65–79.Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2007. Narrow focus intonation in Castilian Spanish absolute interrogatives. Journal of Language and Linguistics 55, 295–311.Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2008. The intonation of Castilian Spanish declaratives and absolute interrogatives. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. & Prieto, Pilar. 2006/7. Rising accents in Castilian Spanish: A revision of Sp_ToBI. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 6/7, 117–146.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Charles. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15, 325–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finegan, Edward & Biber, Douglas. 1994. Register and social dialect variation: An integrated approach. In Biber & Finegan (eds.), 314–347.Google Scholar
Foulkes, Paul. 2012. Sociophonetics. In Brown, Keith (ed.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 2nd edn., 495–499. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Janet, Grabe, Esther & Warren, Paul. 2005. Intonational variation in four dialects of English: The high rising tone. In Jun, Sun-Ah (ed.), Prosodic typology: The phonology of intonation and phrasing, 390–409. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulkes, Paul & Docherty, Gerard. 2006. The social life of phonetics and phonology. Journal of Phonetics 34, 409–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrido, Juan M., Llisteri, Joaquím, de la Mota, Carme & Ríos, Antonio. 1993. Prosodic differences in reading style: Isolated vs. contextualized sentences. In Eurospeech '93: 3rd Eurpoean conference on speech communication and technology, Berlin, vol. 1, 573–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gili Fivela, Barbara. 2002. Tonal alignment in two Pisa Italian peak accents. In Proceedings of speech prosody 2002, Aix-en-Provence, 339–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasberg, Brian & Moore, Brian. 1990. Derivation of auditory filter shapes from notched-noise data. Hearing Research 47, 103–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms of talk. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, John. 1979. Autosegmental phonology. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Grabe, Esther, Greg, Kochanski & Coleman, John. 2007. Connecting intonation labels to mathematical descriptions of fundamental frequency. Language and Speech 50 (3), 281–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grabe, Esther, Brechtje, Post, Francis, Nolan & Farrar, Kimberley. 2000. Pitch accent realization in four varieties of British English. Journal of Phonetics 28, 161–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grice, Martine. 1995. The intonation of Palermo Italian: Implications for intonation theory. Tübingen: Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grice, Martine & Savino, Michelina. 2003. Map tasks in Italian: Asking questions about given, accessible and new information. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 2, 153–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gussenhoven, Carlos. 2004. The phonology of tone and intonation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haan, Judith. 2001. Speaking of questions: An exploration of Dutch question intonation. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Henriksen, Nicholas C. 2009. Wh-intonation in Peninsular Spanish: Multiple contours and the effect of task type. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 8 (1), 47–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, Nicholas C. 2012. The intonation and signaling of declarative questions in Manchego Peninsular Spanish. Language and Speech 55 (4), 543–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henriksen, Nicholas C. 2013. Initial peaks and final falls in the intonation of Manchego Peninsular Spanish wh-questions. Probus 25 (1), 1–51.Google Scholar
Hirschberg, Julia. 2000. A corpus-based approach to the study of speaking style. In Horne, Merle (ed.), Prosody: Theory and experiment, 335–350. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Innes, Bronwen. 2007. ‘Everything happened so quickly?’ HRT intonation in New Zealand courtrooms. Research on Language and Social Interaction 40 (2&3), 227–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jannedy, Stefanie & Hay, Jennifer. 2006. Modelling sociophonetic variation. Journal of Phonetics 34, 405–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Keith. 2006. Resonance in an exemplar-based lexicon: The emergence of social identity and phonology. Journal of Phonetics 34, 485–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiesling, Scott. 2005. Variation, style, and stance: Word-final -er and ethnicity in Australian English. English World-Wide 26, 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William. 1966. The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Hypercorrection by the lower middle class as a factor in linguistic change. In Labov, William (ed.), Sociolinguistic patterns, 122–142. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of linguistic change. 1: Internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2006. A sociolinguistic perspective on sociophonetic research. Journal of Phonetics 34, 500–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change. 2: Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ladd, D. Robert. 2008. Intonational phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter, Kameny, Iris & Brackenridge, William. 1976. Acoustic effects of styles of speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59, 228–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lakoff, Robin. 1975. Language and woman's place. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Laniran, Yetunde O. 1992. Intonation in tone languages: The phonetic implementation of tones in Yoruba. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Laniran, Yetunde O. & Clements, George N.. 2003. Downstep and high raising: Interacting factors in Yoruba tone production. Journal of Phonetics 31, 203–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Page, R. B. & Tabouret-Keller, Andrée. 1985. Acts of identity: Creole-based approaches to language and ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, James F. & VanPatten, Bill. 2003. Making communicative language teaching happen. Chicago, IL: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Levon, Erez. 2009. Dimensions of style: Context, politics and motivation in gay Israeli speech. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13 (1), 29–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liberman, Mark. 1975. The intonational system of English. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. [Garland, 1979]Google Scholar
Lickley, Robin J., Schepman, Astrid & Ladd, D. Robert. 2005. Alignment of ‘phrase accent’ lows in Dutch falling rising questions: Theoretical and methodological implications. Language and Speech 48 (2), 157–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindblom, Björn. 1990. Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of the H&H theory. In Hardcastle, William J. & Marchal, Alain (eds.), Speech production and speech modelling, 403–439. Munich: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipski, John M. 1994. Latin American Spanish. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Local, John & Walker, Gareth. 2005. Methodological imperatives for investigating the phonetic organisation and phonological structures of spontaneous speech. Phonetica 62, 120–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
López-Bobo, María Jesus & Cuevas-Alonso, Miguel. 2010. Cantabrian Spanish intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 49–85.Google Scholar
Medina-Rivera, Antonio. 2011. Variationist approaches: External factors conditioning variation in Spanish phonology. In Díaz-Campos, Manuel (ed.), The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics, 36–53. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. 2011. Datos y cifras del sistema universitario español. http://www.educacion.gob.es/educacion/universidades/estadisticas-informes/datos-cifras.html (accessed 25 March 2012).Google Scholar
Moon, Seung-Jae & Lindblom, Björn. 1994. Interaction between duration, context, and speaking style in English stressed vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, 40–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarro Tomás, Tomás. 1944. Manual de entonación española. New York: Hispanic Institute in the United States.Google Scholar
Noh, Eun-Ju. 1995. A pragmatic approach to echo questions. UCLWPL 7, 107–140.Google Scholar
O'Rourke, Erin. 2005. Intonation and language contact: A case study of two varieties of Peruvian Spanish. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.Google Scholar
O'Rourke, Erin. 2010. Ecuadorian Andean Spanish Intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 227–254.Google Scholar
Ortiz, Hector, Fuentes, Marcela & Astruc, Lluïsa. 2010. Chilean Spanish intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 255–283.Google Scholar
Páez Urdaneta, Iraset. 1989. El habla regional zuliana en el contexto actual del espacio dialectal venezolano y de la investigación dialectológica. In Iraset Páez Urdaneta, Fernando Fernández & Luis Barrera Linares (eds.), Estudios lingüísticos y filológicos en homenaje a María Teresa Rojas, 141–159. Caracas: Universidad Simón Bolívar.Google Scholar
Pauwels, Anne. 1987. Women and language in Australian and New Zealand society. Mosman, New South Wales, Australia: Australian Professional Publications.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 1980. The phonetics and phonology of English intonation. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2006. The next toolkit. Journal of Phonetics 34, 516–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podesva, Robert. 2007. Phonation type as a stylistic variable: The use of falsetto in constructing a persona. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11, 478–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polio, Charlene & Gass, Susan. 1998. The role of interaction in native speaker comprehension of nonnative speaker speech. The Modern Language Journal 82 (3), 308–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prieto, Pilar. 2001. L'entonació dialectal del català: el cas de les frases interrogatives absolutes. In Bover, August, Lloret, Maria-Rosa & Vidal-Tibbits, Marta (eds.), Actes del Novè Col·loqui de la North American Catalan Society, 347–377. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat.Google Scholar
Prieto, Pilar. 2004. Phonological targets in the tonal space. In Face, Timothy L. (ed.), Laboratory approaches to Spanish phonology, 29–59. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Prieto, Pilar, van Santen, Jan & Hirschberg, Julia. 1995. Tonal alignment patterns in Spanish. Journal of Phonetics 23, 429–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prieto, Pilar, D'Imperio, Mariapaola & Gili Fivela, Barbara. 2005. Pitch accent alignment in Romance: Primary and secondary associations with metrical structure. Language and Speech 48, 359–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prieto, Pilar, Estrella, Ana, Thorson, Jill & del Mar Vanrell, Maria. 2011. Is prosodic development correlated with grammatical development? Evidence from emerging intonation in Catalan and Spanish. Journal of Child Language 39 (2), 221–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prieto, Pilar & Roseano, Paolo. 2010a. Introduction. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 1–15.Google Scholar
Prieto, Pilar & Paolo, Roseano (eds). 2010b. Transcription of intonation of the Spanish language. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Prieto, Pilar & Torreira, Francisco. 2007. The segmental anchoring hypothesis revisited: Syllable structure and speech rate effects on peak timing in Spanish. Journal of Phonetics 35, 473–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quilis, Antonio. 1993. Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas. Madrid: Editorial Gredos.Google Scholar
Rickford, John & McNair-Knox, Faye. 1994. Addressee- and topic-influenced style shift: A quantitative sociolinguistic study. In Biber & Finegan (eds.), 235–276.Google Scholar
Savino, Michelina. 2012. The intonation of polar questions in Italian: Where is the rise? Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 (1), 23–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1998. Investigating ‘self-conscious’ speech: The performance register in Ocracoke English. Language in Society 27, 53–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 2004. Investigating stylistic variation. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, Peter & Schilling-Estes, Natalie (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change, 375–401. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serna, José. 1974. Cómo habla La Mancha: diccionario manchego. Albacete: Altaban ediciones.Google Scholar
Silverman, Kim,Blaauw, Eleonora, Spitz, Judith & Pitrelli, John F.. 1992. A prosodic comparison of spontaneous speech and read speech. In International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICLSP–1992), 1299–1302.Google Scholar
Silverman, Kim & Pierrehumbert, Janet [B.]. 1990. The timing of prenuclear high accents in English. In Kingston, John & Beckman, Mary [E.] (eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the grammar and physics of speech, 72–106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonet, Miquel. 2008. Language contact in Majorca: An experimental sociophonetic approach. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.Google Scholar
Simonet, Miquel. 2010. A contrastive study of Catalan and Spanish declarative intonation: Focus on Majorcan dialects. Probus 22, 117–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonet, Miquel. 2011. Intonational convergence in language contact: Utterance-final contours in Catalan–Spanish bilinguals. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, 185–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosa, Juan Manuel. 1999. La entonación del español. Madrid: Cátedra.Google Scholar
Sosa, Juan Manuel 2003. Wh-questions in Spanish: Meanings and configurational variability. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 2, 229–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strange, Winifred, Weber, Andrea, Levi, Erika, Shafiro, Valeriy, Hisagi, Miwako & Nishi, Kanae. 2007. Acoustic variability within and across German, French, and American English vowels: Phonetic context effects. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, 1111–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talkin, D. 1995. Robot algorithm for pitch tracking. In Bastiaan Kleijn, W. & Paliwal, Kuldip K. (eds.), Speech coding and synthesis, 497–518. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik. 2011. Sociophonetics: An introduction. Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1972. Sex, covert prestige and linguistic change in the urban British English of Norwich. Language in Society 1 (2), 175–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uchanski, Rosalie. M. 2005. Clear speech. In Pisoni, David B. & Remez, Robert E. (eds.), The handbook of speech perception, 207–235. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Heuven, Vicncent & Haan, Judith. 2000. Phonetic correlates of statement versus question intonation in Dutch. In Botinis, Antonis (ed.), Intonation: Analysis, modelling and technology, 119–144. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Heuven, Vincent & Haan, Judith. 2002. Temporal development of interrogativity cues in Dutch. In Gussenhoven, Carlos & Warner, Natasha (eds.), Laboratory Phonology 7, pp. 61–86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Garreth. 2012. Phonetics and prosody in conversation. In Sidnell, Jack & Stivers, Tanya (eds.), Handbook of conversation analysis, 455–474. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2002. An introduction to sociolinguistics, 4th edn. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Warren, Paul. 2005a. Issues in the study of intonation in language varieties. Language and Speech 48 (4), 345–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, Paul. 2005b. Patterns of late rising in New Zealand English: Intonational variation or intonational change? Language Variation and Change 17, 209–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, Paul & Britain, David. 2000. Prosody and intonation of New Zealand English. In Bell, Allan & Kuiper, Konraad (eds.), New Zealand English, 146–192. Wellington: Victoria University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, Paul & Daly, Nicola. 2000. Sex as a factor in rises in New Zealand English. In Holmes, Janet (ed.), Gendered speech in social context: Perspectives from gown and town, pp. 99–115. Wellington: Victoria University Press.Google Scholar
Warren, Paul & Daly, Nicola. 2005. Characterizing New Zealand English intonation: Broad and narrow analysis. In Bell, Allan, Harlow, Ray & Starks, Donna (eds.), Languages of New Zealand, 217–237. Wellington: Victoria University Press.Google Scholar
Willis, Erik. 2003. The intonational system of Dominican Spanish: Findings and analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.Google Scholar
Willis, Erik. 2005. Tonal levels in Puebla Mexico Spanish declaratives and absolute interrogatives. In Gess, Randall & Rubin, Edward (eds.), Theoretical and experimental approaches to Romance linguistics, 351–363. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, Erik. 2006/7. Utterance signaling and tonal levels in Dominican Spanish declaratives and interrogatives. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 5/6, 147–178.Google Scholar
Willis, Erik. 2010. Dominican Spanish intonation. In Prieto & Roseano (eds.), 123–143.Google Scholar
Xu, Yi. 2005. Speech melody as articulatorily implemented communicative functions. Speech Communication 46, 220–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Yi. 2010. In defense of lab speech. Journal of Phonetics 38, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Yi & Emily Wang, Q.. 2001. Pitch targets and their realization: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese. Speech Communication 33, 319–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Yi & Xu, Ching X.. 2005. Phonetic realization of focus in English declarative intonation. Journal of Phonetics 33, 159–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, Malcah. 1985. Intonational prominence on negatives in English. Language and Speech 28, 197–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, Malcah. 1996. Register as a variable in prosodic analysis. Speech Communication 19, 39–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, Malcah. 2001. Primitives of a possible system for ‘style’ and ‘register’. In Eckert, Penelope & Rickford, John (eds.), Style and sociolinguistic variation, 166–180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, Malcah. 2002. Register and prosodic variation a cross language comparison. Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1495–1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, Malcah, Granadillo, Tania, Takano, Shoji, Gakuen, Hokusei & Hall-Lew, Lauren. 2010. The sociophonetics of prosodic contours on neg in three language communities: Teasing apart sociolinguistic and phonetic influences on speech. In Preston, Dennis & Niedzielski, Nancy (eds.), A reader in sociophonetics, 133–176. New York: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaeger-Dror, Malcah, Hall-Lew, Lauren & Deckert, Sharon. 2003. Situational variation in intonational strategies. In Meyer, Charles (ed.), Corpus analysis: Language structure and language use, 209–224. Amsterdam: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamora, Juan & Guitart, Jorge. 1982. Dialectología hispanoamericana. Salamanca: Ediciones Almar.Google Scholar