Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T06:55:36.180Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Social Cognition and Cognitive Decline in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2020

Laura Alonso-Recio*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y la Educación, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Fernando Carvajal
Affiliation:
Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Carlos Merino
Affiliation:
Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Juan Manuel Serrano
Affiliation:
Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Laura Alonso-Recio, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y la Educación, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid. Camino de la Fonda, 20, 28400 Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 918561699 (Ext. 3622). Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Social cognition (SC) comprises an array of cognitive and affective abilities such as social perception, theory of mind, empathy, and social behavior. Previous studies have suggested the existence of deficits in several SC abilities in Parkinson disease (PD), although not unanimously.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to assess the SC construct and to explore its relationship with cognitive state in PD patients.

Method:

We compare 19 PD patients with cognitive decline, 27 cognitively preserved PD patients, and 29 healthy control (HC) individuals in social perception (static and dynamic emotional facial recognition), theory of mind, empathy, and social behavior tasks. We also assess processing speed, executive functions, memory, language, and visuospatial ability.

Results:

PD patients with cognitive decline perform worse than the other groups in both facial expression recognition tasks and theory of mind. Cognitively preserved PD patients only score worse than HCs in the static facial expression recognition task. We find several significant correlations between each of the SC deficits and diverse cognitive processes.

Conclusions:

The results indicate that some components of SC are impaired in PD patients. These problems seem to be related to a global cognitive decline rather than to specific deficits. Considering the importance of these abilities for social interaction, we suggest that SC be included in the assessment protocols in PD.

Type
Regular Research
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abu-Akel, A. (2003). The neurochemical hypothesis of ‘theory of mind’. Medical Hypotheses, 60(3), 382386. doi: 10.1016/S0306-9877(02)00406-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alonso-Recio, L., Martín-Plasencia, P., Loeches-Alonso, Á, & Serrano-Rodríguez, J. M. (2014). Working memory and facial expression recognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(5), 496505. doi: 10.1017/S1355617714000265 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ambadar, Z., Schooler, J. W., & Cohn, J. F. (2005). Deciphering the enigmatic face: The importance of facial dynamics in interpreting subtle facial expressions. Psychological Science, 16(5), 403410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association. doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. Retrieved from https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Google Scholar
Argaud, S., Delplanque, S., Houvenaghel, J., Auffret, M., Duprez, J., Vérin, M., … Sauleau, P. (2016). Does facial amimia impact the recognition of facial emotions? An EMG study in Parkinson’s disease. Plos One, 11(7), e0160329. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160329 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Argaud, S., Vérin, M., Sauleau, P., & Grandjean, D. (2018). Facial emotion recognition in Parkinson’s disease: A review and new hypotheses. Movement Disorders, 33(4), 554567. doi: 10.1002/mds.27305 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ariatti, A., Benuzzi, F., & Nichelli, P. (2008). Recognition of emotions from visual and prosodic cues in Parkinson’s disease. Neurological Sciences, 29(4), 219227. doi: 10.1007/s10072-008-0971-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assogna, F., Pontieri, F. E., Cravello, L., Peppe, A., Pierantozzi, M., Stefani, A., … Spalleta, G. (2010). Intensity-dependent facial emotion recognition and cognitive functions in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 867876. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710000755 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbizet, J., & Cany, E. (1968). Clinical and psychometric study of a patient with memory disturbances. International Journal of Neurology, 7, 4454.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163175. doi: 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “reading the mind in the eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedet, M. J., & Alexandre, M. A.(1998). Test de aprendizaje verbal españa-complutense (TAVEC). Madrid: TEA.Google Scholar
Benton, A., Varney, N., & Hamsher, K. (1978). Visuospatial judgment: A clinical test. Archives of Neurology, 35(6), 364367.Google Scholar
Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. (1978). Multilingual aphasia examination. Iowa City: University of Iowa.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodden, M. E., Dodel, R., & Kalbe, E. (2010). Theory of mind in Parkinson’s disease and related basal ganglia disorders: A systematic review. Movement Disorders, 25(1), 1327. doi: 10.1002/mds.22818 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., Walterfang, M., & Velakoulis, D. (2015). Theory of mind in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 292, 515520. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carcone, D., & Ruocco, A. C. (2017). Six years of research on the national institute of mental health’s research domain criteria (RDoC) initiative: A systematic review. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 11. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00046 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christidi, F., Migliaccio, R., Santamaría-García, H., Santangelo, G., & Trojsi, F. (2018). Social cognition dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases: Neuroanatomical correlates and clinical implications. Behavioural Neurology, 2018, 118. doi: 10.1155/2018/1849794 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coundouris, S. P., Adams, A. G., Grainger, S. A., & Henry, J. D. (2019). Social perceptual function in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 255267. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coundouris, S. P., Adams, A. G., & Henry, J. D. (2020). Empathy and theory of mind in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 109, 92102. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.030 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dara, C., Monetta, L., & Pell, M. D. (2008). Vocal emotion processing in Parkinson’s disease: Reduced sensitivity to negative emotions. Brain Research, 1188, 100111. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.034 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duclos, H., Desgranges, B., Eustache, F., & Laisney, M. (2018). Impairment of social cognition in neurological diseases. Revue Neurologique, 174(4), 190198. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.03.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebner, N. C., Riediger, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2010). FACES—A database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: Development and validation. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 351362. doi: 10.3758/BRM.42.1.351 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernández-Abascal, E. G., Cabello, R., Ferández-Berrocal, P., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2013). Test-retest reliability of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes’s test: A one-year follow-up study. Molecular Autism, 4(1), 33. doi: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiorentini, C., & Viviani, P. (2011). Is there a dynamic advantage for facial expressions? Journal of Vision, 11(3), 17. doi: 10.1167/11.3.17 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrido-Vásquez, P., Pell, M. D., Paulmann, S., Sehm, B., & Kotz, S. A. (2016). Impaired neural processing of dynamic faces in left-onset Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 82, 123133. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golden, C. J. (2001). Test de Colores y Palabras Stroop [Stroop Color and Word Test]. Madrid: TEA.Google Scholar
Gray, H. M., & Tickle-Degnen, L. (2010). A meta-analysis of performance on emotion recognition tasks in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 24(2), 176191. doi: 10.1037/a0018104 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Happé, F., Cook, J. L., & Bird, G. (2017). The structure of social cognition: In(ter)dependence of sociocognitive processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 68(1), 243267. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044046 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, J. D., von Hippel, W., Molenberghs, P., Lee, T., & Sachdev, P. S. (2016). Clinical assessment of social cognitive function in neurological disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology, 12(1), 2839. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.229 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrera, E., Cuetos, F., & Rodríguez-Ferreiro, J. (2011). Emotion recognition impairment in Parkinson’s disease patients without dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 310(1–2), 237240. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.034 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, C. A., Suzuki, S., Polania, R., Moisa, M., O’Doherty, J. P., & Ruff, C. C. (2017). A causal account of the brain network computations underlying strategic social behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 20(8), 11421149. doi: 10.1038/nn.4602 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoehn, M. M., & Yahr, M. D. (1967). Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology, 17(5), 427427. doi: 10.1212/WNL.17.5.427 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, A. J., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Daniel, S. E., & Lees, A. J. (1992). What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson’s disease: A clinicopathologic study. Neurology, 42(6), 11421142. doi: 10.1212/WNL.42.6.1142 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibarretxe-Bilbao, N., Junqué, C., Tolosa, E., Marti, M. J., Valldeoriola, F., Bargallo, N., Zarei, M. (2009). Neuroanatomical correlates of impaired decision-making and facial emotion recognition in early Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 11621171. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Izal, M., Montorio, I., Nuevo, R., Pérez-Rojo, G., & Cabrera, I. (2010). Optimising the diagnostic performance of the geriatric depression scale. Psychiatry Research, 178(1), 142146. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.02.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jalakas, M., Palmqvist, S., Hall, S., Svärd, D., Lindberg, O., Pereira, J. B., … Hansson, O. (2019). A quick test of cognitive speed can predict development of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 15417. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51505-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalbe, E., Schlegel, M., Sack, A. T., Nowak, D. A., Dafotakis, M., Bangard, C., … Kessler, J. (2010). Dissociating cognitive from affective theory of mind: A TMS study. Cortex, 46(6), 769780. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.07.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamachi, M., Bruce, V., Mukaida, S., Gyoba, J., Yoshikawa, S., & Akamatsu, S. (2001). Dynamic properties influence the perception of facial expressions. Perception, 30(7), 875887. doi: 10.1068/p3131 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kan, Y., Kawamura, M., Hasegawa, Y., Mochizuki, S., & Nakamura, K. (2002). Recognition of emotion from facial, prosodic and written verbal stimuli in Parkinson’s disease. Cortex, 38(4), 623630. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70026-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, G. H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston naming test. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. P., & Adolphs, R. (2012). The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(11), 559572. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, H., Doyen-Waldecker, C., Hofer, C., Hoffmann, H., Traue, H. C., & Abler, B. (2011). Neural correlates of the perception of dynamic versus static facial expressions of emotion. Psycho-Social Medicine, 8, Doc03. doi: 10.3205/psm000072 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koirala, N., Anwar, A. R., Ciolac, D., Glaser, M., Pintea, B., Deuschl, G., … Groppa, S. (2019). Alterations in white matter network and microstructural integrity differentiate Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy subjects. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11, 191. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00191 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krumhuber, E. G., Kappas, A., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2013). Effects of dynamic aspects of facial expressions: A review. Emotion Review, 5(1), 4146. doi: 10.1177/1754073912451349 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, C., Song, W., Chen, Q., Zheng, Z., Chen, K., Cao, B., … Shang, H. F. (2014). Reduced functional connectivity in early-stage drug-naive Parkinson’s disease: A resting-state fMRI study. Neurobiology of Aging, 35, 431441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntosh, L. G., Mannava, S., Camalier, C. R., Folley, B. S., Albritton, A., Konrad, P. E., … Neimat, J. S. (2015). Emotion recognition in early Parkinson’s disease patients undergoing deep brain stimulation or dopaminergic therapy: A comparison to healthy participants. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00349 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mermillod, M., Vermeulen, N., Droit-Volet, S., Jalenques, I., Durif, F., & Niedenthal, P. (2011). Embodying emotional disorders: New hypotheses about possible emotional consequences of motor disorders in Parkinson’s disease and Tourette’s syndrome. ISRN Neurology, 2011, 16. doi: 10.5402/2011/306918 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mimura, M., Oeda, R., & Kawamura, M. (2006). Impaired decision-making in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 12(3), 169175. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.12.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, R. L. C., & Phillips, L. H. (2015). The overlapping relationship between emotion perception and theory of mind. Neuropsychologia, 70, 110. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitkova, A., Ardito, R. B., Castelli, L., Azzaro, C., Ademzato, M., & Enrici, I. (2017). Clinical profile and social cognition. In Simon, A. (Ed.), Neurodegenerative diseases: Overview, perspectives and emerging treatments (pp. 35–69). New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Molenberghs, P., Johnson, H., Henry, J. D. & Mattingley, B. D. (2016). Understanding the minds of others: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, 276291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narme, P., Bonnet, A., Dubois, B., & Chaby, L. (2011). Understanding facial emotion perception in Parkinson’s disease: The role of configural processing. Neuropsychologia, 49(12), 32953302. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.08.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narme, P., Mouras, H., Roussel, M., Duru, C., Krystkowiak, P., & Godefroy, O. (2013). Emotional and cognitive social processes are impaired in Parkinson’s disease and are related to behavioral disorders. Neuropsychology, 27(2), 182192. doi: 10.1037/a0031522 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J., Chertkow, H. (2019). The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(9), 1991. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15925 Google Scholar
Nigro, S., Riccelli, R., Passamonti, L., Arabia, G., Morelli, M., Nisticò, R., … Quattrone, A. (2016), Characterizing structural neural networks in de novo Parkinson disease patients using diffusion tensor imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 37, 45004510. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23324 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nobis, L., Schindlbeck, K., Ehlen, F., Tiedt, H., Rewitzer, C., Duits, A. A., & Klostermann, F. (2017). Theory of mind performance in Parkinson’s disease is associated with motor and cognitive functions, but not with symptom lateralization. Journal of Neural Transmission, 124(9), 10671072. doi: 10.1007/s00702-017-1739-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Toole, A. J., Roark, D. A., & Abdi, H. (2002). Recognizing moving faces: A psychological and neural synthesis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 261266. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01908-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmeri, R., Lo Buono, V., Corallo, F., Foti, M., Di Lorenzo, G., Bramanti, P., & Marino, S. (2017). Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson disease: A descriptive review on social cognition ability. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 30(2), 109121. doi: 10.1177/0891988716687872 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulmann, S., & Pell, M. D. (2010). Dynamic emotion processing in Parkinson’s disease as a function of channel availability. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(8), 822835. doi: 10.1080/13803391003596371 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedrero, E. J. P., Ruiz-Sánchez de León, J. M., Rojo, G., Llanero, M., Olivar, A., Bouso, J. C., & Puerta, C. (2009). Spanish version of the dysexecutive questionnaire (dex-sp): Psychometric properties in addicts and non-clinical samples. Adicciones, 21(2), 155166.Google Scholar
Pedrero-Pérez, E. J., Ruiz-Sánchez-de-León, J. M., & Winpenny-Tejedor, C. (2015). Dysexecutive questionnaire (DEX): Unrestricted structural analysis in large clinical and non-clinical samples. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 25(6), 879894. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2014.993659 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Péron, J., Vicente, S., Leray, E., Drapier, S., Drapier, D., Cohen, R., … Vérin, M. (2009). Are dopaminergic pathways involved in theory of mind? A study in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47(2), 406414. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Péron, J., Le Jeune, F., Haegelen, C., Dondaine, T., Drapier, D., & Sauleau, P. (2010). Subthalamic nucleus stimulation affects theory of mind network: A PET study in Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One, 5, e9919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfeiffer, R. F. (2016). Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 22, S119S122. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pietschnig, J., Schröder, L., Ratheiser, I., Kryspin-Exner, I., Pflüger, M., Moser, D., … Lehrner, J. (2016). Facial emotion recognition and its relationship to cognition and depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(7), 11651179. doi: 10.1017/S104161021600034X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poletti, M., Vergallo, A., Ulivi, M., Sonnoli, A., & Bonuccelli, U. (2013). Affective theory of mind in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 67(4), 273276. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12045 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redondo, I., & Herrero-Fernández, D. (2018). Adaptación del Empathy Quotient (EQ) en una muestra española. Terapia psicológica, 36(2), 8189. doi: 10.4067/S0718-48082018000200081 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C. R. (2002). Comprehensive trail-making test. examiner’s manual. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roca, M., Torralva, T., Gleichgerrcht, E., Chade, A., Arévalo, G. G., Gershanik, O., & Manes, F. (2010). Impairments in social cognition in early medicated and unmedicated Parkinson disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 23(3), 152158. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181e078de Google Scholar
Rossetto, F., Castelli, I., Baglio, F., Massaro, D., Alberoni, M., Nemni, R., … Marchetti, A. (2018). Cognitive and affective theory of mind in mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson’s disease: Preliminary evidence from the Italian version of the yoni task. Developmental Neuropsychology, 43(8), 764780. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1529175 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P. S., Blacker, D., Blazer, D. G., Ganguli, M., Jeste, D. V., Paulsen, J. S., & Petersen, R. C. (2014). Classifying neurocognitive disorders: The DSM-5 approach. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(11), 634642. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaafsma, S. M., Pfaff, D. W., Spunt, R. P., & Adolphs, R. (2015). Deconstructing and reconstructing theory of mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(2), 6572. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools Inc.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, S., Oei, T. P. S., & Sawang, S. (2015). Psychometric validation of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX). Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 138147.Google Scholar
Trautmann, S. A., Fehr, T., & Herrmann, M. (2009). Emotions in motion: Dynamic compared to static facial expressions of disgust and happiness reveal more widespread emotion-specific activations. Brain Research, 1284, 100115. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.075 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trautmann-Lengsfeld, S. A., Domínguez-Borràs, J., Escera, C., Herrmann, M., & Fehr, T. (2013). The perception of dynamic and static facial expressions of happiness and disgust investigated by ERPs and fMRI constrained source analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e66997. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066997 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuruya, N., Kobayakawa, M., & Kawamura, M. (2011). Is “reading mind in the eyes” impaired in Parkinson’s disease? Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 17(4), 246248. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.09.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Schalk, J., Hawk, S. T., Fischer, A. H., & Doosje, B. (2011). Moving faces, looking places: Validation of the Amsterdam dynamic facial expression set (ADFES). Emotion, 11(4), 907920. doi: 10.1037/a0023853 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Uem, J. M. T., Marinus, J., Canning, C., van Lummel, R., Dodel, R., Liepelt-Scarfone, I., … Maetzler, W. (2016). Health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease—A systematic review based on the ICF model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 61, 2634. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.014 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, W., Mei, M., Gao, Y., Huang, B., Qiu, Y., Zhang, Y., … Nie, K. (2020) Changes of brain structural network connection in Parkinson’s disease patients with mild cognitive dysfunction: A study based on diffusion tensor imaging. Journal of Neurology, 267, 933943. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09645-x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wasser, C. I., Evans, F., Kempnich, C., Glikmann-Johnston, Y., Andrews, S. C., Thyagarajan, D., & Stout, J. C. (2018). Emotion recognition in Parkinson’s disease: Static and dynamic factors. Neuropsychology, 32(2), 230234. doi: 10.1037/neu0000400 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weschsler, D. (2001). Escala de inteligencia para adultos de wechsler (WAIS-III) [wechsler intelligence scale for adults (WAIS-III)]. Madrid: TEA.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, X., Han, Q., Lin, J., Wang, L., Wu, F., & Shang, H. (2020). Grey matter abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease: A voxel-wise meta-analysis. European Journal of Neurology, 27(4), 653659. doi: 10.1111/ene.14132 Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, S., & Sato, W. (2008). Dynamic facial expressions of emotion induce representational momentum. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(1), 2531. doi: 10.3758/CABN.8.1.25 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, R., & Wu, R. (2013). Social brain dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A review of theory of mind studies. Translational Neurodegeneration, 2(1), 7. doi: 10.1186/2047-9158-2-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuvaraj, R., Murugappan, M., Rajendra Acharya, U., Adeli, H., Ibrahim, N. M., & Mesquita, E. (2016). Brain functional connectivity patterns for emotional state classification in Parkinson’s disease patients without dementia. Behavioural Brain Research, 298, 248260. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.036 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed