Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T08:54:20.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pediatric Co-Norms for Finger Tapping, Grip Strength, and Grooved Pegboard in a Community Sample

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2021

Gabrielle Wilcox Open the ORCID record for Gabrielle Wilcox [Opens in a new window]  and
David Nordstokke Open the ORCID record for David Nordstokke [Opens in a new window]
Gabrielle Wilcox*
Affiliation:
School and Applied Child Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4Z6, Canada Mathison Centre of Mental Health Research & Education, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4Z6, Canada Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4N1, Canada
David Nordstokke
Affiliation:
School and Applied Child Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: G. Wilcox, EDT 356, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Motor tests, including Finger-Tapping Test, Grooved Pegboard Test, and Grip Strength Test, are frequently used by neuropsychologists when assessing pediatric populations. Many of the norms available for these measures are outdated, have not been co-normed, and have samples with limited diversity. This study aims to provide updated, co-norms for three commonly used motor tasks with a diverse population.

Method:

Participants (n = 476; age range 6–14) were recruited from community settings to complete each of the three motor tests.

Results:

Results demonstrate generally improved performance across ages with no significant difference between performance of males and females on the Grooved Pegboard Test or the Finger Tapping Test. The only significant findings were on the Grip Strength Test where 12–14-year-old boys demonstrated stronger performance on the dominant hand.

Conclusion:

This study provides updated and co-normed data on frequently used motor tasks with a diverse pediatric sample, which are useful for clinicians.

Keywords

PediatricFinger tapping testGrip strength testGrooved pegboard test
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 85 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, V., Northam, E., & Wrennall, J. (2019). Developmental Neuropsychology: A Clinical approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Baron, I.S. (2018). Neuropsychological Evaluation of the Child: Domains, Methods, and Case Studies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bohannon, R.W., Wang, Y-C., Bubela, D., & Gershon, R.C. (2017). Handgrip strength: A population-based study of norms and age trajectories for 3- to 17-year-olds. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 29, 118–123. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000399 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butterfield, S.A., Butterfield, S.A., Lehnard, R.A., Loovis, E.M., Coladarci, T., & Saucier, D. (2009). Grip strength performances by 5- to 19-year-olds. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109, 362–370. doi: 10.2466/PMS.109.2.362-370 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camara, W.J., Nathan, J.S., & Puente, A.E. (2000). Psychological test usage: Implications for professional psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31, 141–154. doi: 10.1037//0735-7028.31.2.141 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casaletto, K.B. & Heaton, R.K. (2017). Neuropsychological assessment: Past and future. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23, 778–790. doi: 10.1017/S135561771001060 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christianson, M.K., & Leathem, J.M. (2004). Development and standardization of the computerized Finger Tapping Test: Comparison with other finger tapping instruments. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(2), 44–49.Google Scholar
Cohen, D.D., Voss, C., Taylor, M.J. D., Delextrat, A., Ogunleye, A.A., & Sandercock, G.R. H. (2011). Ten-year secular changes in muscular fitness in English children. Acta Pӕdiatrica, 100, e175–e177. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02318.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corballis, M.C. (1989). Laterality and human evolution. Psychological Reviews, 96, 492–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denckla, M.B. (1974). Development of motor co-ordination in normal children. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 16(6), 729–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, M.D. & Hisock, M. (2011). The Flynn effect in neuropsychological assessment. Applied Neuropsychology, 18(2), 136–142. doi: 10.1080/090842.2010.547785 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emerson, C.S., Harrison, D.W., Everhard, D.E., & Williamson, J.B. (2001). Grip strength asymmetry in depressed boys. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 14, 130–134.Google ScholarPubMed
Eng, K., Fazio, R., Biddle, C., O’Grady, M., & Denney, R. (2013). Finger tapping why can’t we alternate hands? Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 20, 187–191. doi: 10.1080/090848282.2012.684114 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Castro Mangalhães, L., Cardoso, A.A., Guimarães, M.A. P., & Van Petten, A.M. V.N. (2015). How can we make our assessment of motor ability relevant cross-culturally? Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 2, 157–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Findeis, M.K., & Weight, D.G. (1994). Meta-norms for Indiana-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery for Children, ages 5–14. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Fredriksen, P.M., Mamen, A., Hjelle, O.P., & Lindberg, M. (2018). Handgrip strength in 6-12-year-old children: The Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP). Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 46(Suppl 21), 54–60. doi: 10.1177/1403494818769851 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, R.M., Marshall, R.M., Livingston, R.B., & Haak, R.A. (2000). Reference group data for the Reitan-Indiana neuropsychological test battery for young children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 675–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häger-Ross, C., & Rösbland, B. (2002). Norms for grip strength in children aged 4–16 years old. Acta Paediatrica, 91, 617–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogrel, J.-Y. (2015). Grip Strength measured by high precision dynamometry in healthy subjects from 5 to 80 years. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 16, 139–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knights, R.M., & Moule, A.D. (1967). Normative and reliability data on finger and foot tapping in children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 25, 717–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koziol, L.F. (2014). The Myth of Executive Functioning: Missing Elements in Conceptualization, Evaluation, and Assessment. New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafayette Instrument. (2014). Grooved Pegboard: User’s Manual. Layfayette, IN: Author.Google Scholar
Larabee, G.L. (2018). Psychometric foundations of neuropsychological assessment. In Morgan, J.E. & Ricker, J. H (Eds.). Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology (2nd ed.) (pp. 22–38). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Levine, A.J., Miller, E.N., Becker, J.T., Selnes, O.A., & Cohen, B.A. (2004). Normative data for determining significance of test-retest differences on eight common neuropsychological instruments. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 373–384. doi: 10.1080/1385404049052420 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maj, M., Janssen, R., Satz, P., Zaudig, M., Starace, F., Boor, D., … Sartorius, N. (1991). The World Health Organization’s cross-cultural study on neuropsychiatric aspects of infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1). British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 351–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandernach, T.A., Gfeller, J.D., & Cobia, D.J. (2004). Normative data for motor tests in 15 to 18 year old adolescents. Paper presented at the annual conference of the National Academy of Neuropsychology.Google Scholar
McQuiddy, V.A., Scheerer, C.R., Lavalley, R., McGrath, T., & Lin, L. (2015). Normative values of grip and pinch strength for 6 to 19 year olds. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96, 1627–1633. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.03.018 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moliner-Urdiales, D., Ruiz, J.R., Ortega, F.B., Jiménez-Pavón, D., Vicente-Rodgiguez, G., Rey-López, J.P., … Moreno, L.A. (2010). Secular trends in health-related physical fitness in Spanish adolescents: The AVENA and HELENA studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13, 584–588. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omar, M.T. A., Alghadir, A., Zafar, H., & Al Baker, S. (2018). Handgrip strength and dexterity function in children aged 6-12 years: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Hand Therapy, 31, 93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2017.02.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papadatou-Pastou, M., Ntolka, E., Schmitz, J., Martin, M., Munafò, M.R., Ocklenburg, S., & Paracchini, S. (2020). Human handedness: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(20), 481–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000229 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pejteresen, J.H. (2020). The effect of monetary incentive on survey response for vulnerable children and youths: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0233025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233025 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ploegmakers, J.J. W., Hepping, A.M., Geertzen, J.H. B., Blustra, S.K., & Stevens, M. (2013). Grip strength is strongly associates with height, weight, and gender in childhood: A cross sectional study of 2241 children and adolescents providing reference values. Journal of Physiotherapy, 59, 255–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porac, C. (2016). Laterality: Exploring the Enigma of Left-Handedness. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rabin, L.A., Paolillo, E., & Barr, W.B. (2016). Stability in test-usage practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada over a 10-year period: A follow-up survey of ONS and NAN members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31, 206–230. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acw007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reitan, R.M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and interpretation. Tuscon, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.Google Scholar
Rohling, M.L., Miller, R.M., Axelrod, B.N., Wall, J.R., Lee, A.J. H., & Kinikini, D.T. (2015). Is co-norming required? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(7), 611–633. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acv039 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Bateman, J.R., & Guzman, M. (2001). Neuropsychological test scores, academic performance, and developmental disorders in Spanish-speaking children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 355–373. doi: 10.1207/S15326942DN2001_3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, E.W., Russell, S.L. K., Hill, B.D. (2005). The fundamental psychometric status of neuropsychological batteries. Archives Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 785–794. doi: 10.2016/j.can.205.05.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skogan, A.H., Oerbeck, B., Christiansen, C., Lande, H.L., & Egeland, J. (2018). Updated development norms for fine motor functions as measured by finger tapping speed and the Grooved Pegboard Test. Developmental Neuropsychology, 43(7), 551–535. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1495724 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss, E., Sherman, E.M., & Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tremblay, M.S., Shields, M., Laviolette, M., Craig, C.L., Janssen, I., & Gorber, S.C. (2010). Fitness of Canadian youth: From the 2007–2009 Canadian health measures survey. Health Reports, 2, 7–20.Google Scholar