Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T02:58:21.106Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neurocognitive consequences of HIV in southern India: A preliminary study of clade C virus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2006

TOKUGHA YEPTHOMI ,
ROBERT PAUL ,
SNIGDHA VALLABHANENI ,
N. KUMARASAMY ,
DAVID F. TATE ,
SUNITI SOLOMON  and
TIMOTHY FLANIGAN
TOKUGHA YEPTHOMI
Affiliation:
YRG Center for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
ROBERT PAUL
Affiliation:
Brown Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Providence, Rhode Island
SNIGDHA VALLABHANENI
Affiliation:
Brown Medical School, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Providence, Rhode Island
N. KUMARASAMY
Affiliation:
YRG Center for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
DAVID F. TATE
Affiliation:
Brown Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Providence, Rhode Island
SUNITI SOLOMON
Affiliation:
YRG Center for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
TIMOTHY FLANIGAN
Affiliation:
Brown Medical School, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Providence, Rhode Island
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The neurocognitive impact of the clade C viral strain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to examine neurocognitive function in southern India among individuals with the clade C virus with advanced HIV. A battery of cognitive tasks sensitive to the effects of HIV on brain function was translated and administered in Tamil and Telegu, two widely spoken languages in southern India. A sample of 30 treatment-naïve HIV-positive individuals with a median CD4 cell count of 97, and 30 age and education matched healthy controls obtained from the same region of India, were included in the study. Results revealed significant differences on most cognitive tests, with lower performances obtained by the HIV-positive individuals. These results suggest that cognitive difficulties are present among individuals with the clade C virus in India, with as many as 56% of the patients with advanced HIV meeting the criterion for impairment in two cognitive domains. Additional study is needed to determine if clade C HIV infection is more or less prone to cause neurocognitive deficit than the clade B virus. Furthermore, the impact of antiretroviral therapy on neurocognitive dysfunction in clade C virual infection needs to be determined. (JINS, 2006, 12, 424–430.)

Keywords

HIVClade CCognitionDementia
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , May 2006 , pp. 424 - 430
Copyright
© 2006 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Andras, I.E., Pu, H., Deli, M.A., Nath, A., Hennig, B., & Toborek, M. (2003). HIV-1 Tat protein alters tight junction protein expression and distribution in cultured brain endothelial cells. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 74, 255–265.Google Scholar
Benedict, R. (1997). Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Brandt, J. (1991). The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test: Development of a new verbal memory test with six equivalent forms. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 125–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centlivre, M., Sommer, P., Michel, M., Fang, R., Gofflo, S., Valladeau, J., Scmitt, N., Thierry, F., Hurtrel, F., Wain-Hobson, S., & Sala, M. (2005). HIV-1 clade promoters strongly influence spatial and temporal dynamics of viral replication in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115, 348–358.Google Scholar
Cohen, R., Boland, R., Paul, R., Tashima, K., Schoenbaum, E., Celentano, D., Schuman, P., Smith, D.K., & Carpenter, C.C. (2001). Neurocognitive performance enhanced by highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected women. AIDS, 15, 341–345.Google Scholar
Das Gupta, J., Kumar, K.G., Rao, S.L., Wilkie, F.L., Waldrop-Valverde, D., Subbakrishna, D.K., Desai, A., Ravi, V., Rao, B.S., Satish, K.S., Kumar, M., & Satishchandra, P. (2005). Cognitive deficits in neurologically asymptomatic HIV-seropositive adults: A study from South India. Poster presented at the HIV Infection and the Central Nervous System: Developed and Resource Limited Settings conference, Frascati, Italy.
Golden, C.J. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting.
Grant, I., Heaton, R., & Atkinson, J. (1995). Neurocognitive disorders in HIV-1 infection. HNRC Group. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 202, 11–32.Google Scholar
Grossman, Z., Vardinon, N., Chemtob, D., Alkan, M., Bentwich, Z., Burke, M., Gottesman, G., Istomin, V., Levi, I., Maayan, S., Shahar, E., Schapiro, J.M., & the Israel Multi-Center Study Group (2001). Genotypic variation of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease: Comparative analysis of clade C and clade B. AIDS, 15, 1453–1460.Google Scholar
Heaton, R., Marcotte, T., Mindt, M., Sadek, J., Moore, D., Bentley, H., McCutchan, J.A., Reicks, C., Grant, I., & HNRC Group. (2004). The impact of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment on everyday functioning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 317–331.Google Scholar
Kantor, R., Zijenah, L., Shafer, R., Mutetwa, S., Johnston, E., Lloyd, R., von Lieven, A., Israilski, D., & Katzenstein, D.A. (2002). HIV-1 subtype C reverse transcriptase and protease genotypes in Zimbabwean patients failing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Research Human Retroviruses, 18, 1407–1413.Google Scholar
Lojek, E. & Bornstein, R.A. (2005). The stability of neurocognitive patterns in HIV infected men: Classification considerations. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 665–682.Google Scholar
Maj, M., D'Elia, L., & Satz, P. (1993). Evaluation of two new neuropsychological tests designed to minimize cultural bias in the assessment of HIV-1 seropositive persons: A WHO study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 123–135.Google Scholar
Maj, M., Janssen, R., Starace, F., Zaudig, M., Satz, P., Sughondhabirom, B., Luabeya, M.A., Riedel, R., Ndetei, D., & Calil, H.M. (1994a). WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS study, cross-sectional phase I: Study design and psychiatric findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 39–49.Google Scholar
Maj, M., Satz, P., Janssen, R., Zaudig, M., Starace, F., D'Elia, L., Sughondhabirom, B., Mussa, M., Naber, D., & Ndetei, D. (1994b). WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS study, cross-sectional phase II: Neuropsychological and neurological findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 51–61.Google Scholar
Matthews, C. & Klove, H. (1964). Instruction Manual for the Adult Neuropsychology Test Battery. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Medical School.
Paul, R.H., Cohen, R.A., & Stern, R.A. (2002). Neurocognitive manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus. CNS Spectrums, 7, 860–866.Google Scholar
Pu, H., Tian, J., Flora, G., Lee, Y.W., Nath, A., Hennig, B., & Toborek, M. (2003). HIV-1 Tat protein upregulates inflammatory mediators and induces monocyte invasion into the brain. Molecular Cell Neuroscience, 24, 224–237.Google Scholar
Ranga, U., Shankarappa, R., Siddappa, N., Ramakrishna, L., Nagendran, R., Mahalingam, M., Mahadevan, A., Jayasuryan, N., Satishchandra, P., Shankar, S.K., & Prasad, V.R. (2004). Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C strains is a defective chemokine. Virology, 78, 2586–2590.Google Scholar
Robertson, K., Robertson, W., Ford, S., Watson, D., Fiscus, S., Harp, A., & Hall, C.D. (2004). Highly active antiretroviral therapy improves neurocognitive functioning. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 36, 562–566.Google Scholar
Satishchandra, P., Nalini, A., Gourie-Devi, M., Khanna, N., Santosh, V., Ravi, V., Desai, A., Chandramuk, A., Jayakumar, P.N., & Shankar, S.K. (2000). Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, South India (1989–96). Indian Journal of Medical Research, 111, 14–23.Google Scholar
Simpson, D. (1999). Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: Review of pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment studies of zidovudine therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 29, 19–34.Google Scholar
Wadia, R., Pujari, S., Kothari, S., Udhar, M., Kulkarni, S., Bhagat, S., & Nanivadekar, A. (2001). Neurological manifestations of HIV disease. Journal of the Association of Physicians India, 49, 343–348.Google Scholar