Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T00:44:53.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Face and Object Perception in Body Dysmorphic Disorder versus Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Mooney Faces Task

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2017

Wei Lin Toh ,
David J. Castle  and
Susan L. Rossell
Wei Lin Toh*
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychological Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
David J. Castle
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychological Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Mental Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
Susan L. Rossell
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychological Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Mental Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Wei Lin Toh, Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, John St, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by repetitive behaviors and/or mental acts occurring in response to preoccupations with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance. There are some similarities, but also important differences, between BDD and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), not just in terms of core clinical symptoms, but possibly in the domain of perception. This study compared the nature and extent of perceptual anomalies in BDD versus OCD and health controls (HC), using a modified Mooney task. Methods: We included 21 BDD, 19 OCD, and 21 HC participants, who were age-, sex-, and IQ-matched. A set of 40 Mooney faces and 40 Mooney objects arranged in three configurations (i.e., upright, inverted, or scrambled) were presented under brief (i.e., 500 ms) free-viewing conditions. Participants were asked to decide whether each image represented a human face, an object, or neither in a forced-choice paradigm. Results: The BDD group showed significantly reduced face and object inversion effects relative to the other two groups. This was accounted for by BDD participants being significantly more accurate in identifying inverted Mooney faces and objects than the other participants. Conclusions: These data were interpreted as reflecting an overreliance on independent components at the expense of holistic (configural) processing in BDD. (JINS, 2017, 23, 471–480)

Keywords

Body dysmorphic disorderBodyPhysical appearanceFaceHumansVisual perceptionObsessive-compulsive disorder
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 23 , Issue 6 , July 2017 , pp. 471 - 480
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aigner, M., Sachs, G., Bruckmuller, E., Winklbaur, B., Zitterl, W., Kryspin-Exner, I., & Katschnig, H. (2007). Cognitive and emotion recognition deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 149, 121–128.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Beilharz, F. L., Atkins, K. J., Duncum, A. J. F., & Mundy, M. E. (2016). Altering visual perception abnormalities: A marker for body image concern. PLoS One, 11(3), e0151933. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151933 Google Scholar
Boldrini, M., Del Pace, L., Placidi, G. P. A., Keilp, J., Ellis, S. P., Signori, S., & Cappa, S. F. (2005). Selective cognitive deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder compared to panic disorder with agoraphobia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111, 150–158.Google Scholar
Bombari, D., Mast, F. W., & Lobmaier, J. S. (2009). Featural, configural, and holistic face-processing strategies evoke different scan patterns. Perception, 38, 1508–1521.Google Scholar
Bozikas, V. P., Kosmidis, M. H., Giannakou, M., Saitis, M., Fokas, K., & Garyfallos, G. (2009). Emotion perception in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 148–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V., Green, P. R., & Georgeson, M. A. (2003). Visual perception: Physiology, psychology, and ecology. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. W., Holstein, C., & Breier, A. (1994). The comparative efficacy and long-term effect of clozapine treatment on neuropsychological test performance. Biological Psychiatry, 36(11), 717–725.Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N., McCreary, D. R., Norton, P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006). Brief fear of negative evaluation scale–revised. Depression and Anxiety, 23, 297–303.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences ((2nd ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Deckersbach, T., Otto, M. W., Savage, C. R., Baer, L., & Jenike, M. A. (2000). The relationship between semantic organisation and memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69, 101–107.Google Scholar
Deckersbach, T., Savage, C. R., Dougherty, D. D., Bohne, A., Loh, R., Nierenberg, A., & Rauch, S. L. (2005). Spontaneous and directed application of verbal learning strategies in bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 166–175.Google Scholar
Deckersbach, T., Savage, C. R., Reilly-Harrington, N., Clark, L., Sachs, G., & Rauch, S. L. (2004). Episodic memory impairment in bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: The role of memory strategies. Biopolar Disorders, 6, 233–244.Google Scholar
Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1977). Developmental changes in representation of faces. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncum, A. J. F., Atkins, K. J., Beilharz, F. L., & Mundy, M. E. (2016). Abnormalities in the visual processing of viewing complex visual stimuli amongst individuals with body image concern. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), 39–49. doi: 10.5709/acp-0185-0 Google Scholar
Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., Atala, K. D., & Rasmussen, S. A. (1998). The Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale: Reliability and validity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(1), 102–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M., & Tanaka, J. N. (1998). What is ‘special’ about face perception? Psychological Review, 105, 482–498.Google Scholar
Feusner, J. D., Hembacher, E., Moller, H., & Moody, T. D. (2011). Abnormalities of object visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 41(11), 2385–2397. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711000572 Google Scholar
Feusner, J. D., Moller, H., Altstein, L., Sugar, C., Bookheimer, S., Yoon, J., & Hembacher, E. (2010). Inverted face processing in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 1088–1094.Google Scholar
Feusner, J. D., Moody, T., Hembacher, E., Townsend, J., McKinley, M., Moller, H., & Bookheimer, S. (2010). Abnormalities of visual processing and frontostriatal systems in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 197–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feusner, J. D., Townsend, J., Bystritsky, A., & Bookheimer, S. (2007). Visual information processing of faces in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1417–1426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Freire, A., Lee, K., & Symons, L. A. (2000). The face inversion effect as a deficit in the encoding of configural information: Direct evidence. Perception, 29, 159–170.Google Scholar
George, N., Jemel, B., Fiori, N., Chaby, L., & Renault, B. (2005). Electrophysiological correlates of facial decision: Insights from upright and upside-down Mooney-face perception. Cognitive Brain Research, 24(3), 663–673. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.03.017 Google Scholar
Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., & Charney, D. S. (1989). The Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale: Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006–1011.Google Scholar
Homa, D., Haver, B., & Schwartz, T. (1976). Perceptibility of schematic face stimuli: Evidence for a perceptual Gestalt. Memory and Cognition, 4, 176–185.Google Scholar
Hsiao, J. H. W., & Cottrell, G. (2008). Two fixations suffice in face recognition. Psychological Science, 19, 998–1006.Google Scholar
Jefferies, K., Laws, K. R., & Fineberg, N. A. (2012). Superior face recognition in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1(3), 175–179. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.03.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerwin, L., Hovav, S., Hellemann, G., & Feusner, J. D. (2014). Impairment in local and global processing and set-shifting in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 57, 41–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.003 Google Scholar
Latinus, M., & Taylor, M. J. (2005). Holistic processing of faces: Learning effects with Mooney faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(8), 1316–1327. doi: 10.1162/0898929055002490 Google Scholar
Leder, H., & Carbon, C. C. (2006). Face-specific configural processing of relational information. British Journal of Psychology, 97, 19–29.Google Scholar
Li, W., Lai, T. M., Bohon, C., Loo, S. K., McCurdy, D., Strober, M., & Feusner, J. (2015). Anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder are associated with abnormalities in processing visual information. Psychological Medicine, 45(10), 2111–2122. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715000045 Google Scholar
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470.Google Scholar
Maurer, D., le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255–260.Google Scholar
McKone, E. (2004). Isolating the special component of face recognition: Peripheral identification and a Mooney face. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 30(1), 181–197. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.181 Google Scholar
Miller, G. A., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 40–48.Google Scholar
Monzani, B., Krebs, G., Anson, M., Veale, D., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2013). Holistic versus detailed visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder: Testing the inversion, composite and global precedence effects. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 994–999. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.009 Google Scholar
Mooney, C. M. (1957). Age in the development of closure ability in children. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 11, 219–226.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. M., & Ferguson, G. A. (1951). A new closure test. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 5, 129–133.Google Scholar
Moritz, S., Kloss, M., Jacobsen, D., Kellner, M., Andresen, B., Fricke, S., & Hand, I. (2005). Extent, profile and specificity of visuospatial impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 795–814.Google Scholar
Moritz, S., & Wendt, M. (2006). Processing of local and global visual features in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 566–569.Google Scholar
Moritz, S., Wendt, M., Jelinek, L., Ruhe, C., & Arzola, G. M. (2008). No disadvantage for the processing of global visual features in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 489–493.Google Scholar
Mundy, E. M., & Sadusky, A. (2014). Abnormalities in visual processing amongst students with body image concerns. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 10(2), 39–48. doi: 10.5709/acp-0155-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penades, R., Catalan, R., Andres, S., Salamero, M., & Gasto, C. (2005). Executive function and nonverbal memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 133, 81–90.Google Scholar
Phillips, K. A. (2005). The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, K. A., Hollander, E., Rasmussen, S. A., Aronowitz, B. R., DeCaria, C., & Goodman, W. K. (1997). A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: Development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33, 17–22.Google Scholar
Rankins, D., Bradshaw, J. L., & Georgiou-Karistianis, N. (2005). Local-global processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder and comorbid Tourette’s syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 59, 43–51.Google Scholar
Rhodes, G. (1988). Looking at faces: First-order and second-order features as determinants of facial appearance. Perception, 17, 43–63.Google Scholar
Savage, C. R., Deckersbach, T., Wilhelm, S., Rauch, S. L., Baer, L., Reid, T., & Jenike, M. A. (2000). Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuropsychology, 14, 141–151.Google Scholar
Schwartzman, D., Maravic, K., Kranczioch, C., & Barnes, J. (2008). Altered early visual processing components in hallucination-prone individuals. Neuroreport, 19(9), 933–937.Google Scholar
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Shin, M. S., Park, S. J., Kim, M. S., Lee, Y. H., Ha, T. H., & Kwon, J. S. (2004). Deficits of organisational strategy obsessive-compulsive and visual memory in disorder. Neuropsychology, 18, 665–672.Google Scholar
Shin, N. Y., Jang, J. H., Kim, H. S., Shim, G., Hwang, J. Y., Kim, S. N., & Kwon, J. S. (2013). Impaired body but not face perception in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Neuropsychology, 7(1), 58–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-6653.2012.02035.x Google Scholar
Tavares, P. P., Mouga, S. S., Oliveira, G. G., & Castelo-Branco, M. (2016). Preserved face inversion effects in adults with autism spectrum disorder: An event-related potential study. Neuroreport, 27(8), 587–592. doi: 10.1097/Wnr.0000000000000576 Google Scholar
Toh, W. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2015). Facial affect recognition in body dysmorphic disorder versus obsessive-compulsive disorder: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 35, 49–59. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.08.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toh, W. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2017). Characterisation of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) versus obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): In light of current DSM-5 nosology. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 12, 117–126.Google Scholar
Valentine, T. (1988). Upside down face: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 471–491.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2001). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
World Medical Association. (2008). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Retrieved 1 June, 2010, from http://www.wma.net.Google Scholar
Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141–145.Google Scholar
Zung, W. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63–70.Google Scholar