Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T09:59:56.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Delayed recognition memory span in HIV-1 infection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2009

Eileen M. Martin ,
David L. Pitrak ,
Kenneth J. Pursell ,
Kathleen M. Mullane  and
Richard M. Novak
Eileen M. Martin
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Veterans Affairs Medical Center-West Side, Chicago, Illinois 60612
David L. Pitrak
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine-Section of Infectious Disease, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Veterans Affairs Medical Center-West Side, Chicago, Illinois 60612
Kenneth J. Pursell
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine-Section of Infectious Disease, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Veterans Affairs Medical Center-West Side, Chicago, Illinois 60612
Kathleen M. Mullane
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine-Section of Infectious Disease, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Veterans Affairs Medical Center-West Side, Chicago, Illinois 60612
Richard M. Novak
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine-Section of Infectious Disease, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Veterans Affairs Medical Center-West Side, Chicago, Illinois 60612
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We administered a spatial version of the Delayed Recognition Span Test (DRST), a working memory task performed abnormally by patients with basal ganglia disease, to a group of 96 HIV-seropositive and 83 seronegative subjects with a high prevalence of substance abuse. For comparison purposes, we also administered the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Trail Making Test (TMT), measures which detect HIV-related mental slowing efficiently in gay men but are nonspecifically impaired in subjects with a history of substance abuse. As predicted, scores on the TMT and the SDMT did not discriminate the groups, but HIV-seropositive subjects had significantly shorter spatial spans (p < .007) and DRST total scores (p < .005). These effects could not be attributed to differences in age, education, estimated intelligence, or psychological distress, because the groups were well matched on these variables. The DRST is a promising measure of HIV-related cognitive dysfunction in substance abusers, who are often nonspecifically impaired on psychomotor tasks. These preliminary data also indicate that working memory function should be studied further in HIV-seropositive subjects. (JINS, 1995, 1, 575–580.)

Keywords

HIV-1DementiaWorking memoryDrug abuse
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 1 , Issue 6 , November 1995 , pp. 575 - 580
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, G.E., DeLong, M.R., & Strick, P.L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aylward, E.H., Henderer, J.D., McArthur, J.C., Brettschneider, P.D., Barta, P.E., & Pearlson, G.D. (1993). Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1 associated dementia: Results from quantitative neuroimaging. Neurology, 43, 1099–2104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., & Erbaugh, J.K. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, R.A., Nasrallah, H.A., Para, M.F., Whitacre, C.C., Rosenberger, P., & Fass, R.J. (1993). Neuropsychological performance in symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV infection. AIDS, 7, 519–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control. (1992). 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41, 1–19.Google Scholar
Egan, V., Brettle, R.P., & Goodwin, G.M. (1992). The Edinburgh cohort of HIV-positive drug users: Pattern of cognitive impairment in relation to progression of disease. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 522–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, V., Crawford, J.R., Brettle, R.P., & Goodwin, G.M. (1990). The Edinburgh cohort of HIV-positive drug users: Current intellectual function is impaired, but not due to early AIDS dementia complex. AIDS, 4, 651–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funahashi, S., Bruce, C.J., & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1989). Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 61, 331–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabrieli, J. (1995). Contribution of the basal ganglia to skill learning and working memory in humans. In Houk, J.C., Davis, J.L., & Beiser, D.G. (Eds.), Models of information processing in the basal ganglia (pp. 277–294). Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1987). Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In Mountcastle, V.B., Plum, F., & Geiger, S.R. (Eds.), Handbook of physiology (Vol I, sec. 1, pp. 373–417). New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1990). Cellular and circuit basis of working memory in prefrontal cortex of nonhuman primates. Progress in Brain Research, 83, 325–336.Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1995). Toward a circuit model of working memory and the guidance of voluntary motor action. In Houk, J.C., Davis, J.L., & Beiser, D.G. (Eds.), Models of information processing in the basal ganglia (pp.131–148). Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Grant, I., Adams, K.M., Carlin, A.S., Rennick, P.M., Judd, L.L., & Schooff, K. (1978). The collaborative neuropsychological study of polydrug users. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 1063–1074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grassi, M.P., Clerici, F., Perin, C., Zocchetti, C., Borella, M., Cargnel, A., & Mangoni, A. (1995). HIV infection and drug use: Influence on cognitive function. AIDS, 9, 165–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grober, E. & Sliwinski, M. (1991). Development and validation of a model for estimating premorbid verbal intelligence in the elderly. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 933–949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handelsman, L., Arons, M., Maurer, G., Wiener, J., Jacob-son, J., Bernstein, D., Ness, R., Herman, S., Losonczy, M., Song, I., Holloway, K., Horvath, T., Donnelly, N., Hirschowitz, J., & Rowan, A.J. (1992). Neuropsychological and neurological manifestations of HIV-1 dementia in drug users. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 4, 21–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Heaton, R.K., Grant, I., Butters, N., White, D.A., Kirson, D., Atkinson, J.H., McCutchan, J.A., Taylor, M.J., Kelly, M.D., Marcotte, T.D., Hesselink, J.R., Jernigan, T.L., Chandler, J., Wallace, M., Abramson, I., & the HNRC Group (1995). The HNRC 500-Neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 231–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaton, R.K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C.G. (1991). Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery. Odessa, FL: PAR, Inc.Google Scholar
Hestad, K., Aukrust, P., Ellertsen, B., Kløve, H., & Wilberg, K. (1993). Neuropsychological deficits in HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative intravenous drug users. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 732–742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janssen, R.S., Saykin, A.J., Cannon, L., Campbell, J., Pinsky, P.F., Hessol, N.A., O'Malley, P.M., Lifson, A.R., Doll, L.S., Rutherford, G.W., & Kaplan, J.E. (1989). Neurological and neuropsychological manifestations of HIV-1 infection: Association with AIDS-related complex but not asymptomatic HIV-1 infection. Annals of Neurology, 26, 592–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kure, K., Weidenheim, K.M., Lyman, W.D., & Dickson, D.W. (1990). Morphology and distribution of HIV-1 gp41-positive microglia in subacute AIDS encephalitis. Acta Neuropathologica, 80, 393–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lezak, M. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Marder, K., Stern, Y., Malouf, R., Tang, M., Bell, K., Dooneief, G., ElSadr, W., Goldstein, S., Gorman, J., Richards, M., Sano, M., Sorrell, S., Todak, G., Williams, J., Ehrhardt, A., & Mayeux, R. (1992). Neurologic and neuropsychological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection in intravenous drug users with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Relationship to head injury. Archives of Neurology, 49, 1169–1175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, A. (1994). HIV, cognition, and the basal ganglia. In Grant, I. & Martin, A. (Eds.), Neuropsychology of HIV infection (pp.234–259). New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
McCarthy, G., Blamire, A.M., Puce, A., Nobre, A.C., Bloch, G., Hyder, F., Goldman-Rakic, P., & Shulman, R.G. (1994). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human prefrontal cortex activation during a spatial working memory task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 91, 8690–8694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, E.N., Seines, O.A., McArthur, J.C., Satz, P., Becker, J.T., Cohen, B.A., Sheridan, K., Machado, A.M., van Gorp, W.G., & Visscher, B. (1990). Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 infected homosexual men: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology, 40, 197–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, M.B., Albert, M.S., Butters, N., & Payne, M. (1986). Differential patterns of memory loss among patients with Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Korsakoff's syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 43, 239–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navia, B.A., Cho, E., Petito, C.K., & Price, R.W. (1986). The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Annals of Neurology, 19, 525–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navia, B.A., Jordan, B.D., & Price, R.W., (1986). The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Annals of Neurology, 19, 514–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rottenberg, D.A., Moeller, J.R., Strother, S.C., Sidtis, J.J., Navia, B.A., Dhavvan, V., Ginos, J.A., & Price, R.W. (1987). The metabolic pathology of the AIDS dementia complex. Annals of Neurology, 22, 700–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seines, O.A., McArthur, J.C., Royal, W., Updike, M.L., Nance-Sprosen, T., Concha, M., Gordon, B., Solomon, L., & Vlahov, D. (1992). HIV-1 infection and drug use: Longitudinal neuropsychological evaluation of asymptomatic subjects. Neurology, 42, 1924–1930.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Y., Marder, K., Bell, K., Chen, J., Dooneief, G., Goldstein, S., Mindry, D., Richards, M., Sano, M., Williams, J., Gorman, J., Ehrhardt, A., & Mayeux, R. (1991). Multidisciplinary baseline assessment of gay men with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: III. Neurologic and neuropsychological findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 131–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, A.E., Saint-Cyr, J.A., & Lang, A.E. (1986). Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. Brain, 109, 845–883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tross, S., Price, R.W., Navia, B.A., Thaler, H., Gold, J., & Sid-tis, J. (1988). Neuropsychological characteristics of the AIDS dementia complex: A preliminary report. AIDS, 2, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gorp, W.G., Mandelkern, M.A., Gee, M., Hinkin, C.H., Stern, C.E., Paz, D., Dixon, W., Evans, G., Flynn, F., Frederick, C.J., Ropchan, J., & Blahd, W. (1992). Cerebral metabolic dysfunction in AIDS: Findings in a sample with and without dementia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 4, 280–287.Google Scholar
van Gorp, W.G., Miller, E.N., Satz, P., & Visscher, B. (1989). Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 immunocompromised patients: A preliminary report. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 763–773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wellman, M.C. (1992). Neuropsychological impairment among intravenous drug users in pre-AIDS stages of HIV infection. International Journal of Neuroscience, 64, 183–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed