Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T05:46:36.949Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Brief Period of Wakeful Rest after Learning Enhances Verbal Memory in Stroke Survivors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2021

Felicity A. Evans Open the ORCID record for Felicity A. Evans [Opens in a new window] ,
Renerus J. Stolwyk Open the ORCID record for Renerus J. Stolwyk [Opens in a new window]  and
Dana Wong Open the ORCID record for Dana Wong [Opens in a new window]
Felicity A. Evans
Affiliation:
Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
Renerus J. Stolwyk
Affiliation:
Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
Dana Wong*
Affiliation:
Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Richmond, Victoria, Australia Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Dana Wong, Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Bundoora3086, Victoria, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Accumulating evidence suggests that wakeful rest (a period of minimal cognitive stimulation) enhances memory in clinical populations with memory impairment. However, no study has previously examined the efficacy of this technique in stroke survivors, despite the high prevalence of post-stroke memory difficulties. We aimed to investigate whether wakeful rest enhances verbal memory in stroke survivors and healthy controls.

Method:

Twenty-four stroke survivors and 24 healthy controls were presented with two short stories; one story was followed by a 10-minute period of wakeful rest and the other was followed by a 10-minute visual interference task. A mixed factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with pairwise comparisons was used to compare participants’ story retention at two time points.

Results:

After 15–30 minutes, stroke survivors (p = .002, d = .73), and healthy controls (p = .001, d = .76) retained more information from the story followed by wakeful rest, compared with the story followed by an interference task. While wakeful rest remained the superior condition in healthy controls after 7 days (p = .01, d = .58), the beneficial effect was not maintained in stroke survivors (p = .35, d = .19).

Conclusions:

Wakeful rest is a promising technique, which significantly enhanced verbal memory after 15–30 minutes in both groups; however, no significant benefit of wakeful rest was observed after 7 days in stroke survivors. Preliminary findings suggest that wakeful rest enhances early memory consolidation processes by protecting against the effects of interference after learning in stroke survivors.

Keywords

Memory rehabilitationCognitive strategiesLearningRecallMemory consolidationCerebrovascular disorders
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 27 , Issue 9 , October 2021 , pp. 929 - 938
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aggleton, J.P. & Brown, M.W. (1999). Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal anterior thalamic axis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(3), 425–444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99002034 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alber, J., Della Sala, S., & Dewar, M. (2014). Minimizing interference with early consolidation boosts 7-day retention: In amnesic patients. Neuropsychology, 28(5), 667–675. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000091 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrew, N.E., Kilkenny, M., Naylor, R., Purvis, T., Lalor, E., Moloczij, N., & Cadilhac, D.A. (2014). Understanding long-term unmet needs in Australian survivors of stroke. International Journal of Stroke, 9(A100), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12325 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddely, A.D., Emslie, H., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1994). The Doors and People Test: A Test of Visual and Verbal Recall and Recognition. Bury-St-Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.Google Scholar
Baumann, M., Couffignal, S., Le Bihan, E., & Chau, N. (2012). Life satisfaction two-years after stroke onset: the effects of gender, sex occupational status, memory function and quality of life among stroke patients (Newsqol) and their family caregivers (Whoqol-bref) in Luxembourg. BMC Neurology, 12, 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-12-105 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Born, J. (2010). Slow-wave sleep and the consolidation of long-term memory. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11, 16–21. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622971003637637 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budson, A.E. & Price, B.H. (2005). Memory Dysfunction. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(7), 692–699. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra041071 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cumming, T.B., Churilov, L., Linden, T., & Bernhardt, J. (2013). Montreal cognitive assessment and mini–mental state examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 128(2), 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12084 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
das Nair, R., Cogger, H., Worthington, E., & Lincoln, N. B. (2016). Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD002293. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002293.pub3 Google ScholarPubMed
Dewar, M., Alber, J., Butler, C., Cowan, N., & Della Sala, S. (2012). Brief wakeful resting boosts new memories over the long term. Psychological Science, 23(9), 955–960. https:/doi.org/10.1177/0956797612441220 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewar, M., Alber, J., Cowan, N., & Della Sala, S. (2014). Boosting long-term memory via wakeful rest: Intentional rehearsal is not necessary, consolidation is sufficient. PLoS One, 9(10), 109542. https:/doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109542 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewar, M., Cowan, N., & Della Sala, S. (2007). Forgetting due to retroactive interference: A fusion of Müller and Pilzecker’s (1900) early insights into everyday forgetting and recent research on anterograde amnesia. Cortex, 43(5), 616–634. https:/doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70492-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewar, M., Garcia, Y.F., Cowan, N., & Della Sala, S. (2009). Delaying interference enhances memory consolidation in amnesic patients. Neuropsychology, 23(5), 627–634. https:/doi.org/10.1037/a0015568 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewar, M., Pesallaccia, M., Cowan, N., Provinciali, L., & Della Sala, S. (2012). Insights into spared memory capacity in amnestic MCI and Alzheimer’s Disease via minimal interference. Brain and Cognition, 78(3), 189–199. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2011.12.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudai, Y. (2004). The neurobiology of consolidations, or, how stable is the engram? Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 51–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, F.A., Wong, D., & Stolwyk, R.J. (2020). Retrieval practice enhances memory for names in survivors of stroke. Neuropsychology, 34(8), 874–880. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000701 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankenmolen, N.L., Fasotti, L., Kessels, R.P.C., & Oosterman, J.M. (2018). The influence of cognitive reserve and age on the use of memory strategies. Experimental Aging Research, 44(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2017.1422472 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimes, D. & Schulz, K. (2002). An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land. Lancet, 359(9300), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07283-5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger.Google Scholar
Lamb, F., Anderson, J., Saling, M., & Dewey, H. (2013). Predictors of subjective cognitive complaint in postacute older adult stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(9), 1747–1752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.02.026 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawson, D.W., Stolwyk, R.J., Ponsford, J.L., McKenzie, D.P., Downing, M.G., & Wong, D. (2020). Telehealth delivery of memory rehabilitation following stroke. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 26(1), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617719000651 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, G., Ojha, A., Kang, J-S., & Lee, M. (2015). Modulation of resource allocation by intelligent individuals in linguistic, mathematical and visuo-spatial tasks. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 97(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martini, M., Martini, C., Maran, T., & Sachse, P. (2018). Effects of post-encoding wakeful rest and study time on long-term memory performance. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 30(5–6), 558–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2018.1506457 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martini, M., Zamarian, L., Sachse, P., Martini, C., & Delazer, M. (2019). Wakeful resting and memory retention: a study with healthy older and younger adults. Cognitive Processing, 20(1), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-018-0891-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, L.A. & Radford, K. (2014). Testing the effectiveness of group-based memory rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 24(5), 721–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2014.894479 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, V., Harris, K., Stabler, A., & Lu, L.H. (2017). Effects of delay duration on the WMS logical memory performance of older adults with probable Alzheimer’s disease, probable vascular dementia, and normal cognition. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(3), 375–380. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasreddine, Z.S., Phillips, N.A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Stroke Foundation (2015). National Stroke Audit - Acute Services Report.Google Scholar
Nguyen, S., Wong, D., McKay, A., Rajaratnam, S.M.W., Spitz, G., Williams, G., … Ponsford, J.L. (2019). Cognitive behavioural therapy for post-stroke fatigue and sleep disturbance: a pilot randomised controlled trial with blind assessment. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 29(5), 723–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2017.1326945 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, J. (2011). Controlled Oral Word Association Test. In Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., & Caplan, B. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 703–706). New York, NY: Springer New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radford, K., Lah, S., Thayer, Z., Say, M.J., & Miller, L.A. (2012). Improving memory in outpatients with neurological disorders using a group-based training program. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(4), 738–748. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712000379 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasquin, S.M.C., Bouwens, S.F.M., Dijcks, B., Winkens, I., Bakx, W.G.M., & van Heugten, C.M. (2010). Effectiveness of a low intensity outpatient cognitive rehabilitation programme for patients in the chronic phase after acquired brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20(5), 760–777. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2010.484645 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, B.R., Eberling, J.L., Mungas, D., Weiner, M.W., & Jagust, W.J. (2000). Memory failure has different mechanisms in subcortical stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 48(3), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(200009)48:3<275:AID-ANA1>3.0.CO;2-C 3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, O., Vytal, K., Cornwell, B., & Grillon, C. (2013). The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 203. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00203 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royle, J. & Lincoln, N.B. (2008). The everyday memory questionnaire - revised: development of a 13-item scale. Disability and Rehabilitation, 30(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701223876 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnabel, R. (2012). Overcoming the Challenge of Re-assessing Logical Memory. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(1), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2011.640642 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, R.P. (2003). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snaphaan, L. & De Leeuw, F.E. (2007). Poststroke memory function in nondemented patients: a systematic review on frequency and neuroimaging correlates. Stroke, 38(1), 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000251842.34322.8f CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, A.F. (2014). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Occupational Medicine, 64(5), 393–394. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqu024 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuss, D.T. & Benson, D.F. (1987). The frontal lobes and control of cognition and memory. In Perecman, E. (Ed.), The Frontal Lobes Revisited (pp. 141–158). New York: IRBN Press.Google Scholar
Varma, S., Takashima, A., Krewinkel, S., van Kooten, M., Fu, L., Medendorp, W.P., … Daselaar, S.M. (2017). Non-interfering effects of active post-encoding tasks on episodic memory consolidation in humans. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00054 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varma, S., Daselaar, S.M., Kessels, R.P.C., & Takashima, A. (2018). Promotion and suppression of autobiographical thinking differentially affect episodic memory consolidation. PLoS One, 13(8), e0201780. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201780 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, C.M., Wilkins, S., Bettcher, B.M., Butler, C.R., Miller, B.L., & Kramer, J.H. (2014). Memory consolidation in aging and MCI after 1 week. Neuropsychology, 28(2), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weschler, D. (2009a). Advanced Clinical Solutions: For WAIS-IV and WMS-IV. Bloomington, MN: NCS Pearson.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2009b). Test of Premorbid Functioning. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2009c). Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) Technical and Interpretive Manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.Google Scholar
Wei, J., Carroll, R., Harden, K., & Wu, G. (2012). Comparisons of treatment means when factors do not interact in two-factorial studies. The Forum for Amino Acid, Peptide and Protein Research, 42(5), 2031–2035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0924-0 Google Scholar
Withiel, T.D., Wong, D., Ponsford, J., Cadilhac, D.A., New, P., Mihaljcic, T., & Stolwyk, R.J. (2019). Comparing memory group training and computerized cognitive training for improving memory function following stroke: A phase II randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 51(5), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2540 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wixted, J.T. (2004) The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 235–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar