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The Temporal Relationship Between Depression, Anxiety, and Functional Status after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-lagged Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2011

Michael Schönberger ,
Jennie Ponsford ,
Kate R. Gould  and
Lisa Johnston
Michael Schönberger*
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany (current) School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (place of conduct of study)
Jennie Ponsford
Affiliation:
School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (place of conduct of study) National Trauma Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Kate R. Gould
Affiliation:
School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne Australia Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (place of conduct of study)
Lisa Johnston
Affiliation:
Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (place of conduct of study)
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Michael Schönberger, Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelberger Str. 41, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Poor functional status and high rates of anxiety and depression have been reported in individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it is unclear whether psychiatric disorders after TBI are a cause or a consequence of functional limitations. The current study aimed to investigate the temporal relationship between anxiety, depression and functional impairment following TBI. The study has a prospective, longitudinal single-group design. Anxiety and depression, assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and functional changes, assessed with the Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended, were measured six and 12 months post-injury in 122 individuals who had sustained a TBI (79% male, mean age 35 years, mean duration of post-traumatic amnesia 24 days, mean Glasgow Coma Scale score 9.2). Cross-lagged analyses were conducted within a structural equation modelling framework. Functional changes six months post-injury predicted depression and anxiety one year after the injury. Anxiety and depression, in turn, were not predictive of later functional status. This study adds to our understanding of the temporal relationship between depression, anxiety and functional status after TBI. The results indicate the importance of supporting brain injured individuals in coping with the functional consequences of their injury in order promote psychological well-being. (JINS, 2011, 17, 781–787)

Keywords

Traumatic brain injuryDepressionAnxietyFunctional statusProspective studiesLongitudinal studies
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 17 , Issue 5 , September 2011 , pp. 781 - 787
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2011

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