Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:01:40.449Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Profiling Social Cognition in Premanifest Huntington's Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2021

Kate Turner Open the ORCID record for Kate Turner [Opens in a new window] ,
Danielle Bartlett ,
Sarah A. Grainger ,
Clare Eddy ,
Alvaro Reyes ,
Catarina Kordsachia ,
Mitchell Turner ,
Julie C. Stout ,
Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis  and
Julie D. Henry
...Show all authors
Kate Turner
Affiliation:
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
Danielle Bartlett
Affiliation:
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
Sarah A. Grainger
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Clare Eddy
Affiliation:
National Centre for Mental Health, BSMHFT, The Barberry, Birmingham, UK
Alvaro Reyes
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitacion, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
Catarina Kordsachia
Affiliation:
Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Mitchell Turner
Affiliation:
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
Julie C. Stout
Affiliation:
Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
Affiliation:
Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Julie D. Henry
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Mel Ziman
Affiliation:
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
Travis Cruickshank*
Affiliation:
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr Travis Cruickshank, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Perth, WA, Australia. Ph: + 61 8 6304 3416. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Discrepancies exist in reports of social cognition deficits in individuals with premanifest Huntington’s disease (HD); however, the reason for this variability has not been investigated. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate group- and individual-level social cognitive performance and (2) examine intra-individual variability (dispersion) across social cognitive domains in individuals with premanifest HD.

Method:

Theory of mind (ToM), social perception, empathy, and social connectedness were evaluated in 35 individuals with premanifest HD and 29 healthy controls. Cut-off values beneath the median and 1.5 × the interquartile range below the 25th percentile (P25 – 1.5 × IQR) of healthy controls for each variable were established for a profiling method. Dispersion between social cognitive domains was also calculated.

Results:

Compared to healthy controls, individuals with premanifest HD performed worse on all social cognitive domains except empathy. Application of the profiling method revealed a large proportion of people with premanifest HD fell below healthy control median values across ToM (>80%), social perception (>57%), empathy (>54%), and social behaviour (>40%), with a percentage of these individuals displaying more pronounced impairments in empathy (20%) and ToM (22%). Social cognition dispersion did not differ between groups. No significant correlations were found between social cognitive domains and mood, sleep, and neurocognitive outcomes.

Conclusions:

Significant group-level social cognition deficits were observed in the premanifest HD cohort. However, our profiling method showed that only a small percentage of these individuals experienced marked difficulties in social cognition, indicating the importance of individual-level assessments, particularly regarding future personalised treatments.

Keywords

Theory of mindSocial perceptionSocial behaviourEmpathyNeurodegenerative diseaseSocial cognitive dispersion
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , March 2022 , pp. 217 - 229
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adjeroud, N., Besnard, J., El Massioui, N., Verny, C., Prudean, A., Scherer, C., … Allain, P. (2015). Theory of mind and empathy in preclinical and clinical Huntington’s disease. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(1), 89–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allain, P., Havet-Thomassin, V., Verny, C., Gohier, B., Lancelot, C., Besnard, J., … Le Gall, D. (2011). Evidence for deficits on different components of theory of mind in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology, 25(6), 741–751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aziz, A., Anguelova, G., Marinus, J., Lammers, G.J., & Roos, R. (2010). Sleep and circadian rhythm alterations correlate with depression and cognitive impairment in Huntington’s disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 16(5), 345–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Backhaus, J., Junghanns, K., Broocks, A., Riemann, D., & Hohagen, F. (2002). Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in primary insomnia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(3), 737–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baez, S., Herrera, E., Gershanik, O., Garcia, A.M., Bocanegra, Y., Kargieman, L., … Ibanez, A. (2015). Impairments in negative emotion recognition and empathy for pain in Huntington’s disease families. Neuropsychologia, 68, 158–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., & Taylor, G.J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(1), 23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bangen, K.J., Weigand, A.J., Thomas, K.R., Delano-Wood, L., Clark, L.R., Eppig, J., … Bondi, M.W. (2019). Cognitive dispersion is a sensitive marker for early neurodegenerative changes and functional decline in nondemented older adults. Neuropsychology, 33(5), 599–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banissy, M.J., Kanai, R., Walsh, V., & Rees, G. (2012). Inter-individual differences in empathy are reflected in human brain structure. Neuroimage, 62(3), 2034–2039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(7), 813–822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(2), 241–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barsuglia, J.P., Kaiser, N.C., Wilkins, S.S., Joshi, A., Barrows, R.J., Paholpak, P., … Mendez, M.F. (2014). A scale of socioemotional dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(8), 793–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, D.M., Dominguez, D.J.F., Lazar, A.S., Kordsachia, C.C., Rankin, T.J., Lo, J., … Cruickshank, T.M. (2020). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation reduces hypothalamic grey matter volume loss in individuals with preclinical Huntington’s disease: A 9-month pilot study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 408, 116522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belin, P., Fillion-Bilodeau, S., & Gosselin, F. (2008). The Montreal affective voices: A validated set of nonverbal affect bursts for research on auditory affective processing. Behavior Research Methods, 40(2), 531–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertoux, M., Delavest, M., De Souza, L.C., Funkiewiez, A., Lépine, J.P., Fossati, P., … Sarazin, M. (2012). Social cognition and emotional assessment differentiates frontotemporal dementia from depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 83(4), 411–416. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011–301849 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., Velakoulis, D., & Walterfang, M. (2016). Social cognition in Huntington’s disease: A meta-analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 297, 131–140. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bos, J., & Stokes, M.A. (2019). Cognitive empathy moderates the relationship between affective empathy and wellbeing in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(4), 433–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, J. (1991). The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test: Development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5(2), 125–142. doi: 10.1080/13854049108403297 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brüne, M., Blank, K., Witthaus, H., & Saft, C. (2011). “Theory of mind” is impaired in Huntington’s disease. Movement Disorders, 26(4), 671–678. doi: 10.1002/mds.23494 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buysse, D., Reynolds, C., Monk, T., Berman, S., & Kupfer, D. (1998). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J.P., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2014). Toward a neurology of loneliness. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Young, A.W., Lawrence, A.D., Mason, S., & Barker, R.A. (2010). The relation between anger and different forms of disgust: Implications for emotion recognition impairments in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2719–2729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., Skoner, D.P., Rabin, B.S., & Gwaltney, J.M. (1997). Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold. JAMA, 277(24), 1940–1944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, A.S., Dogan, I., Schulz, J.B., & Reetz, K. (2019). Going beyond the mean: Intraindividual variability of cognitive performance in prodromal and early neurodegenerative disorders. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(2), 369–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotter, J., Bartholomeusz, C., Papas, A., Allott, K., Nelson, B., Yung, A.R., & Thompson, A. (2017). Examining the association between social cognition and functioning in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 51(1), 83–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruickshank, T., Reyes, A., Peñailillo, L., Thompson, J., & Ziman, M. (2014). Factors that contribute to balance and mobility impairments in individuals with Huntington’s disease. Basal Ganglia, 4(2), 67–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M.H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Souza, J., Jones, L.A., & Rickards, H. (2010). Validation of self-report depression rating scales in Huntington’s disease. Movement Disorders, 25(1), 91–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demeyere, N., Riddoch, M.J., Slavkova, E.D., Bickerton, W.L., & Humphreys, G.W. (2015). The Oxford cognitive screen (OCS): Validation of a stroke-specific short cognitive screening tool. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dvash, J., & Shamay-Tsoory, S.G. (2014). Theory of mind and empathy as multidimensional constructs: Neurological foundations. Topics in Language Disorders, 34(4), 282–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eddy, C.M., Mahalingappa, S., & Rickards, H.E. (2012). Is Huntington’s disease associated with deficits in theory of mind? Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 126(6), 376–383. doi: 10.1111/j.1600–0404.2012.01659.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eddy, C.M., Mahalingappa, S., & Rickards, H.E. (2014). Putting things into perspective: the nature and impact of theory of mind impairment in Huntington’s disease. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264(8), 697–705. doi: 10.1007/s00406–014–0498–4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eddy, C.M., Parkinson, E.G., & Rickards, H.E. (2016). Changes in mental state and behaviour in Huntington’s disease. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(11), 1079–1086. doi: 10.1016/S2215–0366(16)30144–4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eddy, C.M., & Rickards, H.E. (2015a). Interaction without intent: The shape of the social world in Huntington’s disease. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(9), 1228–1235. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eddy, C.M., & Rickards, H.E. (2015b). Theory of mind can be impaired prior to motor onset in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology, 29(5), 792–798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W.V. (2003). Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions from Facial Clues. Los Altos, CA: ISHK.Google Scholar
Funkiewiez, A., Bertoux, M., de Souza, L.C., Lévy, R., & Dubois, B. (2012). The SEA (Social cognition and emotional assessment): A clinical neuropsychological tool for early diagnosis of frontal variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuropsychology, 26(1), 81–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golan, O., Baron-Cohen, S., & Hill, J. (2006). The Cambridge mindreading (CAM) face-voice battery: Testing complex emotion recognition in adults with and without Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(2), 169–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golan, O., Sinai-Gavrilov, Y., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). The Cambridge mindreading face-voice battery for children (CAM-C): Complex emotion recognition in children with and without autism spectrum conditions. Molecular Autism, 6(1), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J.M., Young, A.W., Barker, W.A., Curtis, A., & Gibson, D. (1997). Impaired recognition of disgust in Huntington’s disease gene carriers. Brain, 120(11), 2029–2038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallerbäck, M.U., Lugnegård, T., Hjärthag, F., & Gillberg, C. (2009). The reading the mind in the eyes test: Test-retest reliability of a Swedish version. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 14(2), 127–143. doi: 10.1080/13546800902901518 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halligan, P.W. (1998). Inability to recognise disgust in Huntington’s disease. The Lancet, 351(9101), 464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, C.J., Stevenson, R.J., & Coltheart, M. (2007). Disgust and Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 45(6), 1135–1151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henley, S.M.D., Novak, M.J.U., Frost, C., King, J., Tabrizi, S.J., & Warren, J.D. (2012). Emotion recognition in Huntington’s disease: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 237–253. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, J.D., Von Hippel, W., Molenberghs, P., Lee, T., & Sachdev, P.S. (2016). Clinical assessment of social cognitive function in neurological disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology, 12(1), 28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johns, M.W. (1992). Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep, 15(4), 376–381. doi: 10.1093/sleep/15.4.376 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, P.R. (2019). A note on detecting statistical outliers in psychophysical data. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 81(5), 1189–1196. doi: 10.3758/s13414-019-01726-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, S.A., Stout, J.C., Solomon, A.C., Langbehn, D.R., Aylward, E.H., Cruce, C.B., … the Predict-HD Investigators of the Huntington Study Group. (2007). Beyond disgust: impaired recognition of negative emotions prior to diagnosis in Huntington's disease. Brain, 130(7), 1732–1744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kälin, A.M., Pflüger, M., Gietl, A.F., Riese, F., Jäncke, L., Nitsch, R.M., & Hock, C. (2014). Intraindividual variability across cognitive tasks as a potential marker for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanai, R., Bahrami, B., Duchaine, B., Janik, A., Banissy, M.J., & Rees, G. (2012). Brain structure links loneliness to social perception. Current Biology, 22(20), 1975–1979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kempnich, C.L., Andrews, S.C., Fisher, F., Wong, D., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., & Stout, J.C. (2017). Emotion recognition correlates with social-neuropsychiatric dysfunction in Huntington’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(5), 417–423. doi: 10.1017/S1355617717001308 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khorashad, B.S., Baron-Cohen, S., Roshan, G.M., Kazemian, M., Khazai, L., Aghili, Z., … Afkhamizadeh, M. (2015). The “reading the mind in the eyes” test: Investigation of psychometric properties and test–retest reliability of the Persian version. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(9), 2651–2666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labuschagne, I., Jones, R., Callaghan, J., Whitehead, D., Dumas, E.M., Say, M.J., … Stout, J.C. (2013). Emotional face recognition deficits and medication effects in pre-manifest through stage-II Huntington’s disease. Psychiatry Research, 207(1–2), 118–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagravinese, G., Avanzino, L., De Ferrari, A.R., Marchese, R., Serrati, C., Mandich, P., … Pelosin, E. (2017). Theory of mind is impaired in mild to moderate Huntington’s disease independently from global cognitive functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00080 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamblin, M., Murawski, C., Whittle, S., & Fornito, A. (2017). Social connectedness, mental health and the adolescent brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 57–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, I.U., Vinther-Jensen, T., Gade, A., Nielsen, J.E., & Vogel, A. (2016). Do I misconstrue? Sarcasm detection, emotion recognition, and theory of mind in Huntington disease. Neuropsychology, 30(2), 181–189. doi: 10.1037/neu0000224 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazar, A., Panin, F., Goodman, A., Lazic, S., Lazar, Z., Mason, S., … Barker, R. (2015). Sleep deficits but no metabolic deficits in premanifest Huntington’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 78(4), 630–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, L., Harkness, K.L., Sabbagh, M.A., & Jacobson, J.A. (2005). Mental state decoding abilities in clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(2–3), 247–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, P.A., Rezaie, R., Brown, R., Roberts, N., & Dunbar, R.I.M. (2011). Ventromedial prefrontal volume predicts understanding of others and social network size. Neuroimage, 57(4), 1624–1629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lövdén, M., Schmiedek, F., Kennedy, K.M., Rodrigue, K.M., Lindenberger, U., & Raz, N. (2013). Does variability in cognitive performance correlate with frontal brain volume? Neuroimage, 64, 209–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malek-Ahmadi, M., Lu, S., Chan, Y., Perez, S.E., Chen, K., & Mufson, E.J. (2017). Cognitive domain dispersion association with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 58(2), 575–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malow, B.A., Marzec, M.L., McGrew, S.G., Wang, L., Henderson, L.M., & Stone, W.L. (2006). Characterizing sleep in children with autism spectrum disorders: A multidimensional approach. Sleep, 29(12), 1563–1571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mason, S, Zhang, J., Begeti, F., Guzman, N.V., Lezar, A.S., Rowe, J.B., … Hampshire, A. (2015). The role of the amygdala during emotional processing in Huntington’s disease: From pre-manifest to late stage disease. Neuropsychologia, 70, 80–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maurage, P., Lahaye, M., Grynberg, D., Jeanjean, A., Guettat, L., Verellen-Dumoulin, C., … Constant, E. (2016). Dissociating emotional and cognitive empathy in pre-clinical and clinical Huntington’s disease. Psychiatry Research, 237, 103–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, K., Regehr, K., Reaume, J., & Feldman, M. (2010). Group social skills training for adolescents with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 16(2), 52–63.Google Scholar
Nejati, V., Zabihzadeh, A., Maleki, G., & Tehranchi, A. (2012). Mind reading and mindfulness deficits in patients with major depression disorder. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 32(2011), 431–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, A.M., Downes, J.J., Sahakian, B.J., Polkey, C.E., & Robbins, T. W. (1990). Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 28(1), 1021–1034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paquette, S., Peretz, I., & Belin, P. (2013). The “musical emotional bursts”: A validated set of musical affect bursts to investigate auditory affective processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulsen, J., Langbehn, D.R., Stout, J.C., Aylward, E., Ross, C.A., Nance, M., … Beglinger, L.J. (2008). Detection of Huntington’s disease decades before diagnosis: the Predict-HD study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(8), 874–880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, L.H., Scott, C., Henry, J.D., Mowat, D., & Bell, J.S. (2010). Emotion perception in Alzheimer’s disease and mood disorder in old age. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Platt, J., Keyes, K.M., & Koenen, K.C. (2014). Size of the social network versus quality of social support: Which is more protective against PTSD? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(8), 1279–1286. doi: 10.1007/s00127–013–0798–4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, J., Lewis, P.A., Roberts, N., Garcia-Finana, M., & Dunbar, R.I.M. (2012). Orbital prefrontal cortex volume predicts social network size: an imaging study of individual differences in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1736), 2157–2162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prevost, M., Carrier, M.E., Chowne, G., Zelkowitz, P., Joseph, L., & Gold, I. (2014). The reading the mind in the eyes test: Validation of a French version and exploration of cultural variations in a multi-ethnic city. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 19(3), 189–204. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2013.823859 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reckess, G.Z., Varvaris, M., Gordon, B., & Schretlen, D.J. (2014). Within-person distributions of neuropsychological test scores as a function of dementia severity. Neuropsychology, 28(2), 254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, C.A., Reilmann, R., Cardoso, F., McCusker, E.A., Testa, C.M., Stout, J.C., … Tabrizi, S.J. (2019). Movement disorder society task force viewpoint: Huntington’s disease diagnostic categories. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 6(7), 541–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rule, N.O., Freeman, J.B., & Ambady, N. (2013). Culture in social neuroscience: A review. Social Neuroscience, 8(1), 3–10. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2012.695293 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saffarian, A., Shavaki, Y.A., Shahidi, G.A., & Jafari, Z. (2019). Effect of Parkinson disease on emotion perception using the Persian affective voices test. Journal of Voice, 33(4), 580.e1–580.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.01.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saft, C., Lissek, S., Hoffmann, R., Nicolas, V., Tegenthoff, M., Juckel, G., & Brüne, M. (2013). Mentalizing in preclinical Huntington’s disease: An fMRI study using cartoon picture stories. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 7(2), 154–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schreck, K.A., Mulick, J.A., & Smith, A.F. (2004). Sleep problems as possible predictors of intensified symptoms of autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25(1), 57–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schretlen, D.J., Munro, C.A., Anthony, J.C., & Pearlson, G.D. (2003). Examining the range of normal intraindividual variability in neuropsychological test performance. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9(6), 864–870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A. (1982). Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.Google Scholar
Solomon, A.C., Stout, J.C., Johnson, S.A., Langbehn, D.R., Aylward, E.H., Brandt, J., … Paulsen, J.S. (2007). Verbal episodic memory declines prior to diagnosis in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 45(8), 1767–1776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sprengelmeyer, R., Schroeder, U., Young, A.W., & Epplen, J.T. (2006). Disgust in pre-clinical Huntington’s disease: A longitudinal study. Neuropsychologia, 44(4), 518–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Karnat, A., Lange, H., Hömberg, V., … Rowland, D. (1996). Loss of disgust: Perception of faces and emotions in Huntington’s disease. Brain, 119(5), 1647–1665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stout, J., Queller, S., Baker, K., Cowlishaw, S., Sampaio, C., Fitzer-Attas, C., & Borowsky, B. (2014). HD-CAB: A cognitive assessment battery for clinical trials in Huntington’s disease 1, 2, 3. Movement Disorders, 29(10), 1281–1288. doi: 10.1002/mds.25964 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabrizi, S.J., Langbehn, D.R., Leavitt, B.R., Roos, R.A.C., Durr, A., Craufurd, D., … Scahill, R.I. (2009). Biological and clinical manifestations of Huntington’s disease in the longitudinal TRACK-HD study: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data. The Lancet Neurology, 8(9), 791–780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabrizi, S.J., Scahill, R.I., Owen, G., Durr, A., Leavitt, B.R., Roos, R.A., … Johnson, H. (2013). Predictors of phenotypic progression and disease onset in premanifest and early-stage Huntington’s disease in the TRACK-HD study: Analysis of 36-month observational data. The Lancet Neurology, 12(7), 637–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, M.A., Schreck, K.A., & Mulick, J.A. (2012). Sleep disruption as a correlate to cognitive and adaptive behavior problems in autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(5), 1408–1417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, J.A., Cruickshank, T.M., Penailillo, L.E., Lee, J.W., Newton, R.U., Barker, R.A., & Ziman, M.R. (2012). The effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation in patients with early-to-middle-stage Huntington’s disease: A pilot study. European Journal of Neurology, 20(9), 1325–1329. doi: 10.1111/ene.12053 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trinkler, I., de Langavant, L.C., & Bachoud-Lévi, A.-C. (2013). Joint recognition–expression impairment of facial emotions in Huntington’s disease despite intact understanding of feelings. Cortex, 49(2), 549–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tse, J., Strulovitch, J., Tagalakis, V., Meng, L., & Fombonne, E. (2007). Social skills training for adolescents with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1960–1968. doi: 10.1007/s10803–006–0343–3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vellante, M., Baron-Cohen, S., Melis, M., Marrone, M., Petretto, D.R., Masala, C., & Preti, A. (2013). The “reading the mind in the eyes” test: Systematic review of psychometric properties and a validation study in Italy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(4), 326–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wibawa, P., Zombor, R., Dragovic, M., Hayhow, B., Lee, J., Panegyres, P.K., … Starkstein, S.E. (2020). Anosognosia is associated with greater caregiver burden and poorer executive function in Huntington disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 33(1), 52–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yildirim, E.A., Kasar, M., Guduk, M., Ozalmete, O., Ates, E., & Kucukparlak, I. (2011). Investigating reliability of reading mind in the eyes test in a Turkish population. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 22(3), 177–186. doi: 10.5080/u6500 Google Scholar
Zawisza, K., Galas, A., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Chatterji, S., Haro, J.M., Miret, M., … Leonardi, M. (2014). The validity of the instrument to evaluate social network in the ageing population: The collaborative research on ageing in Europe social network index. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 21(3), 227–241. doi: 10.1002/cpp.1860 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zijlstra, W.P., Van Der Ark, L.A., & Sijtsma, K. (2007). Outlier detection in test and questionnaire data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(3), 531–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Turner et al. supplementary material

Tables S1 and S2

Download Turner et al. supplementary material(File)
File 40 KB