Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T11:16:01.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of set shifting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 March 2007

JOEL H. KRAMER ,
LOVINGLY QUITANIA ,
DAVID DEAN ,
JOHN NEUHAUS ,
HOWARD J. ROSEN ,
CATHRA HALABI ,
MICHAEL W. WEINER ,
VINCENT A. MAGNOTTA ,
DEAN C. DELIS  and
BRUCE L. MILLER
JOEL H. KRAMER
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
LOVINGLY QUITANIA
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
DAVID DEAN
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
JOHN NEUHAUS
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
HOWARD J. ROSEN
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
CATHRA HALABI
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
MICHAEL W. WEINER
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
VINCENT A. MAGNOTTA
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
DEAN C. DELIS
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
BRUCE L. MILLER
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between lobar volumes and set shifting. We studied 101 subjects, including 36 normal controls, 16 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease, 30 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and 19 patients with semantic dementia (SD), using a shifting paradigm that carefully controlled for component abilities. Subjects were administered two conditions of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Design Fluency Test. In the control condition (DF:Control), examinees generated as many unique designs as possible in 60 s by drawing lines connecting only unfilled dots. In the switching condition (DF:Switch), examinees generated designs by drawing lines alternating between filled and unfilled dots. We used BRAINS2 software to generate volumes of the right and left frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Partial correlations and multiple regressions showed that, after controlling for Mini-Mental State Examination and DF:Control, only the right and left frontal lobe volumes significantly correlated with the DF:Switch, most clearly in the FTD and SD groups. Follow-up analyses indicated that frontal contributions to shifting were not related to working memory. Results highlight the importance of carefully controlling for component cognitive processes when studying executive functioning. (JINS, 2007, 13, 386–392.)

Keywords

FTDADD-KEFSFrontal lobesBRAINS2Design fluency
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 13 , Issue 3 , May 2007 , pp. 386 - 392
Copyright
© 2007 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, C.V., Bigler, E.D., & Blatter, D.D. (1995). Frontal lobe lesions, diffuse damage, and neuropsychological functioning in traumatic brain-injured patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 900–908.Google Scholar
Anderson, S.W., Damasio, H., Jones, R.D., & Tranel, D. (1991). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 909–922.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N.C., Rajarethinam, R., Cizadlo, T., Arndt, S., Swayze, V.W., Jr., Flashman, L.A., O'Leary, D.S., Ehrhardt, J.C., & Yuh, W.T. (1996). Automatic atlas-based volume estimation of human brain regions from MR images. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 20, 98–106.Google Scholar
Arbuthnott, K. & Frank, J. (2000). Trail Making Test, part B as a measure of executive control: Validation using a set-switching paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 518–528.Google Scholar
Aron, A.R., Monsell, S., Sahakian, B.J., & Robbins, T.W. (2004). A componential analysis of task-switching deficits associated with lesions of left and right frontal cortex. Brain, 127(Pt. 7), 1561–1573.Google Scholar
Barcelo, F. & Santome-Calleja, A. (2000). [A critical review of the specificity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for the assessment of prefrontal function]. Revista de Neurologia, 30, 855–864.Google Scholar
Brass, M., Ullsperger, M., Knoesche, T.R., von Cramon, D.Y., & Phillips, N.A. (2005). Who comes first? The role of the prefrontal and parietal cortex in cognitive control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1367–1375.Google Scholar
Cannon, T.D., Glahn, D.C., Kim, J., Van Erp, T.G., Karlsgodt, K., Cohen, M.S., Nuechterlein, K.H., Bava, S., & Shirinyan, D. (2005). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity during maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1071–1080.Google Scholar
Crossley, M., Hiscock, M., & Foreman, J.B. (2004). Dual-task performance in early stage dementia: Differential effects for automatized and effortful processing. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 332–346.Google Scholar
Cummings, J.L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D.A., & Gornbein, J. (1994). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44, 2308–2314.Google Scholar
Delis, D., Kaplan, E.B., & Kramer, J. (2001). The Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Derrfuss, J., Brass, M., Neumann, J., & von Cramon, D.Y. (2005). Involvement of the inferior frontal junction in cognitive control: Meta-analyses of switching and Stroop studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 25, 22–34.Google Scholar
Funahashi, S. (2005). Prefrontal cortex and working memory processes. Neuroscience, 139, 251–261.Google Scholar
Hanninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Koivisto, K., Partanen, K., Laakso, M.P., Riekkinen, P.J., Sr., & Soininen, H. (1997). Decline of frontal lobe functions in subjects with age-associated memory impairment. Neurology, 48, 148–153.Google Scholar
Harris, G., Andreasen, N.C., Cizadlo, T., Bailey, J.M., Bockholt, H.J., Magnotta, V.A., & Arndt, S. (1999). Improving tissue classification in MRI: A three-dimensional multispectral discriminant analysis method with automated training class selection. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 23, 144–154.Google Scholar
Heaton, R.K. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Jones-Gotman, M. (1991). Localization of lesions by neuropsychological testing. Epilepsia, 32(Suppl. 5), S41–S52.Google Scholar
Konishi, S., Hayashi, T., Uchida, I., Kikyo, H., Takahashi, E., & Miyashita, Y. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetry in human lateral prefrontal cortex during cognitive set shifting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 99, 7803–7808.Google Scholar
Levine, B., Stuss, D.T., & Milberg, W.P. (1995). Concept generation: Validation of a test of executive functioning in a normal aging population. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 740–758.Google Scholar
Magnotta, V.A., Harris, G., Andreasen, N.C., O'Leary, D.S., Yuh, W.T., & Heckel, D. (2002). Structural MR image processing using the BRAINS2 toolbox. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 26, 251–264.Google Scholar
McDonald, C.R., Delis, D.C., Norman, M.A., Tecoma, E.S., & Iragui, V.J. (2005a). Discriminating patients with frontal-lobe epilepsy and temporal-lobe epilepsy: Utility of a multilevel design fluency test. Neuropsychology, 19, 806–813.Google Scholar
McDonald, C.R., Delis, D.C., Norman, M.A., Tecoma, E.S., & Iragui-Madozi, V.I. (2005b). Is impairment in set-shifting specific to frontal-lobe dysfunction? Evidence from patients with frontal-lobe or temporal-lobe epilepsy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 477–481.Google Scholar
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E.M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 34, 939–944.Google Scholar
Mendez, M.F., Selwood, A., Mastri, A.R., & Frey, W.H., Jr. (1993). Pick's disease versus Alzheimer's disease: A comparison of clinical characteristics. Neurology, 43, 289–292.Google Scholar
Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T.D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.Google Scholar
Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Moll, F.T., Bramati, I.E., & Andreiuolo, P.A. (2002). The cerebral correlates of set-shifting: an fMRI study of the Trail Making Test. Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria, 60, 900–905.Google Scholar
Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 134–140.Google Scholar
Nakahara, K., Hayashi, T., Konishi, S., & Miyashita, Y. (2002). Functional MRI of macaque monkeys performing a cognitive set-shifting task. Science, 295, 1532–1536.Google Scholar
Neary, D., Snowden, J.S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S., Freedman, M., Kertesz, A., Robert, P.H., Albert, M., Boone, K., Miller, B.L., Cummings, J., & Benson, D.F. (1998). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology, 51, 1546–1554.Google Scholar
Neary, D., Snowden, J.S., & Mann, D.M. (2000). Classification and description of frontotemporal dementias. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 920, 46–51.Google Scholar
Pantelis, C., Barber, F.Z., Barnes, T.R., Nelson, H.E., Owen, A.M., & Robbins, T.W. (1999). Comparison of set-shifting ability in patients with chronic schizophrenia and frontal lobe damage. Schizophrenia Research, 37, 251–270.Google Scholar
Petrides, M. (2005). Lateral prefrontal cortex: Architectonic and functional organization. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Science, 360, 781–795.Google Scholar
Ravizza, S.M. & Ciranni, M.A. (2002). Contributions of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia to set shifting. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 472–483.Google Scholar
Reitan, R.M. & Wolfson, D. (1995). Category Test and Trail Making Test as measures of frontal lobe functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 50–56.Google Scholar
Rogers, R.D., Andrews, T.C., Grasby, P.M., Brooks, D.J., & Robbins, T.W. (2000). Contrasting cortical and subcortical activations produced by attentional-set shifting and reversal learning in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 142–162.Google Scholar
Shafritz, K.M., Kartheiser, P., & Belger, A. (2005). Dissociation of neural systems mediating shifts in behavioral response and cognitive set. Neuroimage, 25, 600–606.Google Scholar
Stuss, D.T., Bisschop, S.M., Alexander, M.P., Levine, B., Katz, D., & Izukawa, D. (2001). The Trail Making Test: A study in focal lesion patients. Psychological Assessment, 13, 230–239.Google Scholar
Talairach, J. & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: 3-dimensional proportional system; An approach to cerebral imaging. Stuttgart, Germany: George Thieme Verlag.
Varney, N.R., Roberts, R.J., Struchen, M.A., Hanson, T.V., Franzen, K.M., & Connell, S.K. (1996). Design fluency among normals and patients with closed head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 345–353.Google Scholar
Wager, T.D., Jonides, J., & Reading, S. (2004). Neuroimaging studies of shifting attention: A meta-analysis. Neuroimage, 22, 1679–1693.Google Scholar
Woods, R.P., Cherry, S.R., & Mazziotta, J.C. (1992). Rapid automated algorithm for aligning and reslicing PET images. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 16, 620–633.Google Scholar
Zakzanis, K.K., Mraz, R., & Graham, S.J. (2005). An fMRI study of the Trail Making Test. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1878–1886.Google Scholar