Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:10:40.791Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Goal Setting Deficits at 13 Years in Very Preterm Born Children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2017

Kristina M. Haebich ,
Catherine Willmott ,
Rachel Ellis ,
Alice C. Burnett ,
Shannon E. Scratch ,
Leona Pascoe ,
Megan M. Spencer-Smith ,
Jeanie L.Y. Cheong ,
Terrie E. Inder  and
Lex W. Doyle
...Show all authors
Kristina M. Haebich
Affiliation:
Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Catherine Willmott
Affiliation:
Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Monash Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia
Rachel Ellis
Affiliation:
Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Alice C. Burnett
Affiliation:
Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia Premature Infant Follow-up Programme, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Shannon E. Scratch
Affiliation:
Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Leona Pascoe
Affiliation:
Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Megan M. Spencer-Smith
Affiliation:
Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Jeanie L.Y. Cheong
Affiliation:
Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia Premature Infant Follow-up Programme, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Terrie E. Inder
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Lex W. Doyle
Affiliation:
Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia Premature Infant Follow-up Programme, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Deanne K. Thompson
Affiliation:
Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
Peter J. Anderson*
Affiliation:
Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Peter Anderson, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton Campus, Clayton VIC 3800. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives: Preterm children demonstrate deficits in executive functions including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility; however, their goal setting abilities (planning, organization, strategic reasoning) remain unclear. This study compared goal setting abilities between very preterm (VP: <30 weeks/<1250 grams) and term born controls during late childhood. Additionally, early risk factors (neonatal brain abnormalities, medical complications, and sex) were examined in relationship to goal setting outcomes within the VP group. Methods: Participants included 177 VP and 61 full-term born control children aged 13 years. Goal setting was assessed using several measures of planning, organization, and strategic reasoning. Parents also completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Regression models were performed to compare groups, with secondary analyses adjusting for potential confounders (sex and social risk), and excluding children with major neurosensory impairment and/or IQ<70. Within the VP group, regression models were performed to examine the relationship between brain abnormalities, medical complications, and sex, on goal setting scores. Results: The VP group demonstrated a clear pattern of impairment and inefficiency across goal setting measures, consistent with parental report, compared with their full-term born peers. Within the VP group, moderate/severe brain abnormalities on neonatal MRI predicted adverse goal setting outcomes at 13. Conclusions: Goal setting difficulties are a significant area of concern in VP children during late childhood. These difficulties are associated with neonatal brain abnormalities, and are likely to have functional consequences academically, socially and vocationally. (JINS, 2018, 24, 372–381)

Keywords

Premature birthGestational ageExecutive functionCognitive functionBrain injuryNeuropsychology
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , April 2018 , pp. 372 - 381
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarnoudse-Moens, C.S.H., Duivenvoorden, H.J., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., van Goudoever, J.B., & Oosterlaan, J. (2012). The profile of executive function in very preterm children at 4 to 12 years. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54(3), 247–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04150.x Google Scholar
Alduncin, N., Huffman, L.C., Feldman, H.M., & Loe, I.M. (2014). Executive function is associated with social competence in preschool-aged children born preterm or full term. Early Human Development, 90(6), 299–306. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.02.011 Google Scholar
Anderson, P.J. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 71–82. doi: 10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724 Google Scholar
Anderson, P.J. (2008). Towards a developmental model of executive function. In V. Anderson, R. Jacobs & P.J. Anderson (Eds.), Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A lifespan perspective (pp 3–22). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, P.J., Anderson, V., & Garth, J. (2001). Assessment and development of organizational ability: The Rey Complex Figure Organizational Strategy Score (RCF-OSS). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15(1), 81–94. doi: 10.1076/clin.15.1.81.1905 Google Scholar
Anderson, P.J., Cheong, J., & Thompson, D.K. (2015). The predictive validity of neonatal MRI for neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm children. Seminars in Perinatology, 39(2), 147–158. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2015.01.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, P.J., De Luca, C.R., Hutchinson, E.A., Spencer-Smith, M.M., Roberts, G., & Doyle, L.W. (2011). Attention problems in a representative sample of extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(1), 57–73. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2011.540538 Google Scholar
Anderson, P.J., & Doyle, L.W. (2003). Neurobehavioral outcomes of school-age children born extremely low birth weight or very preterm in the 1990s. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(24), 3264–3272. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.24.3264 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, P.J., & Doyle, L.W. (2004). Executive functioning in school-aged children who were born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight in the 1990s. Pediatrics, 114(1), 50–57. doi: 10.1542/peds.114.1.50 Google Scholar
Anderson, P.J., & Doyle, L.W. (2008). Cognitive and educational deficits in children born extremely preterm. Seminars in Perinatology, 32(1), 51–58. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.12.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, V., Anderson, P.J., Northam, E., Jacobs, R., & Catroppa, C. (2001). Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(1), 385–406. doi: 10.1207/S15326942DN2001_5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, I.E. (2003). Test review: Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children (BADS-C). Child Neuropsychology, 13(6), 539–542. doi: 10.1080/09297040601112781 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamini, Y., & Yekutieli, D. (2001). The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Annals of Statistics, 29, 1165–1188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, J.R., Miller, P.H., & Naglieri, J.A. (2011). Relations between executive function and academic achievement from ages 5 to 17 in a large, representative national sample. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(4), 327–336. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.007 Google Scholar
Böhm, B., Smedler, A.C., & Forssberg, H. (2004). Impulse control, working memory and other executive functions in preterm children when starting school. Acta Pædiatrica, 93(10), 1363–1371. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02938.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, P.W., Alderman, N., Evans, J., Emslie, H., & Wilson, B.A. (1998). The ecological validity of tests of executive function. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4(6), 547–558. doi: 10.1017/s1355617798466037 Google Scholar
Burnett, A.C., Scratch, S.E., & Anderson, P.J. (2013). Executive function outcome in preterm adolescents. Early Human Development, 89(4), 215–220. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.013 Google Scholar
Cambridge Cognition. (2017). CANTAB® Cognitive assessment software. Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Clark, C.A.C., & Woodward, L.J. (2010). Neonatal cerebral abnormalities and later verbal and visuospatial working memory abilities of children born very preterm. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(6), 622–642. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2010.508669 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1973). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cole, T.J., Freeman, J.V., & Preece, M.A. (1998). British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine, 17(4), 407–429. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980228)17 Google Scholar
Costeloe, K., Hennessy, E., Gibson, A.T., Marlow, N., & Wilkinson, A.R. (2000). The EPICure study: Outcomes to discharge from hospital for infants born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics, 106(4), 659–671. doi: 10.1542/peds.106.4.659 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Counsell, S.J., Allsop, J.M., Harrison, M.C., Larkman, D.J., Kennea, N.L., Kapellou, O., & Rutherford, M.A. (2003). Diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain in preterm infants with focal and diffuse white matter abnormality. Pediatrics, 112(1), 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curtis, W.J., Lindeke, L.L., Georgieff, M.K., & Nelson, C.A. (2002). Neurobehavioural functioning in neonatal intensive care unit graduates in late childhood and early adolescence. Brain, 125(7), 1646–1659. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf159 Google Scholar
Delis, D.C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J.H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Doyle, L.W., Cheong, J.L.Y., Burnett, A., Roberts, G., Lee, K.J., & Anderson, P.J. (2015). Biological and social influences on outcomes of extreme-preterm/low-birth weight adolescents. Pediatrics, 136(6), e1513–e1520. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2006 Google Scholar
Duvall, S.W., Erickson, S.J., MacLean, P., & Lowe, J.R. (2014). Perinatal medical variables predict executive function within a sample of preschoolers born very low birth weight. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(6), 735–740. doi: 10.1177/0883073814542945 Google Scholar
Edgin, J.O., Inder, T.E., Anderson, P.J., Hood, K.M., Clark, C.A.C., & Woodward, L.J. (2008). Executive functioning in preschool children born very preterm: Relationship with early white matter pathology. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(1), 90–101. doi: 10.1017/S1355617708080053 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emslie, H.F., Wilson, C., Burden, V., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Wilson, B.A. (2003). Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome in Children (BADS-C). London, UK: Harcourt Assessment/The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Engel-Yeger, B., Josman, N., & Rosenblum, S. (2009). Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children (BADS-C): An examination of construct validity. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(5), 662–272. doi: 10.1080/09602010802622730 Google Scholar
Friedman, N.P., Miyake, A., Corley, R., Young, S.E., DeFries, J.C., & Hewitt, J.K. (2006). Not all executive functions are related to intelligence. Psychological Science, 17(2), 172–179. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01681.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Guy, S., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). BRIEF – Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.Google Scholar
Harvey, J.M., O’Callaghan, M.J., & Mohay, H. (1999). Executive function of children with extremely low birthweight: A case control study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41(05), 292–297. doi: 10.1017/s0012162299000663 Google Scholar
Inder, T.E., Warfield, S.K., Wang, H., Hüppi, P.S., & Volpe, J.J. (2005). Abnormal cerebral structure is present at term in premature infants. Pediatrics, 115(2), 286–294. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-0326 Google Scholar
Inder, T.E., Wells, S.J., Mogridge, N.B., Spencer, C., & Volpe, J.J. (2003). Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: A qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 143(2), 171–179. doi: 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00357-3 Google Scholar
Johnson, S., Wolke, D., Hennessy, E., & Marlow, N. (2011). Educational outcomes in extremely preterm children: Neuropsychological correlates and predictors of attainment. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(1), 74–95. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2011.540541 Google Scholar
Kaur, S., Powell, S., He, L., Pierson, C.R., & Parikh, N.A. (2014). Reliability and repeatability of quantitative tractography methods for mapping structural white matter connectivity in preterm and term infants at term-equivalent age. PLoS One, 9(1), e85807. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085807 Google Scholar
Kidokoro, H., Neil, J.J., & Inder, T.E. (2013). New MR imaging assessment tool to define brain abnormalities in very preterm infants at term. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3521 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Loe, I.M., Chatav, M., & Alduncin, N. (2015). Complementary assessments of executive function in preterm and full-term preschoolers. Child Neuropsychology, 21(3), 331–353. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2014.906568 Google Scholar
Luu, T.M., Ment, L., Allan, W., Schneider, K., & Vohr, B.R. (2011). Executive and memory function in adolescents born very preterm. Pediatrics, 127(3), e639–e646. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1421 Google Scholar
Maalouf, E.F., Duggan, P.J., Rutherford, M.A., Counsell, S.J., Fletcher, A.M., Battin, M., & Edwards, A.D. (1999). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in a cohort of extremely preterm infants. The Journal of Pediatrics, 135(3), 351–357. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70133-2 Google Scholar
Marlow, N., Hennessy, E.M., Bracewell, M.A., & Wolke, D. (2007). Motor and executive function at 6 years of age after extremely preterm birth. Pediatrics, 120(4), 793–804. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0440 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miceli, P.J., Goeke-Morey, M.C., Whitman, T.L., Kolberg, K.S., Miller-Loncar, C., & White, R.D. (2000). Brief report: Birth status, medical complications, and social environment: Individual differences in development of preterm, very low birth weight infants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(5), 353–358. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/25.5.353 Google Scholar
Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., & Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Pyschology, 41(1), 49–100. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 Google Scholar
Mulder, H., Pitchford, N.J., & Marlow, N. (2010). Processing speed and working memory underlie academic attainment in very preterm children. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal & Neonatal, 95(4), F267–F272. doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.167965 Google Scholar
Mulder, H., Pitchford, N.J., & Marlow, N. (2011). Processing speed mediates executive function difficulties in very preterm children in middle childhood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(3), 445–454. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000373 Google Scholar
Murray, A.L., Scratch, S.E., Thompson, D.K., Inder, T.E., Doyle, L.W., Anderson, J.F., & Anderson, P.J. (2014). Neonatal brain pathology predicts adverse attention and processing speed outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Neuropsychology, 28(4), 552–562. doi: 10.1037/neu0000071 Google Scholar
Olejnik, S., & Algina, J. (2003). Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: Measures of effect size for some common research designs. Psychological Methods, 8(4), 434–447. doi: 10.1037/1082-989x.8.4.434 Google Scholar
Omizzolo, C., Scratch, S.E., Stargatt, R., Kidokoro, H., Thompson, D.K., Lee, K.J., & Anderson, P.J. (2013). Neonatal brain abnormalities and memory and learning outcomes at 7 years in children born very preterm. Memory, 22(6), 605–615. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.809765 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orchinik, L.J., Taylor, H.G., Espy, K.A., Minich, N., Klein, N., Sheffield, T., & Hack, M. (2011). Cognitive outcomes for extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children in kindergarten. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(6), 1067–1079. doi: 10.1017/S135561771100107X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osterrieth, P. (1944). Le test de copie d’une figure complexe contribution. Archives de Psychologie, 30, 206–356.Google Scholar
Petersen, B.S., Vohr, B., Staib, L.H., Cannistraci, C.J., Dolberg, A., Schneider, K.C., & Ment, L.R. (2000). Regional brain volume abnormalities and long-term cognitive outcomes in preterm infants. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(15), 1939–1947. doi: 10.1001/jama.284.15.1939 Google Scholar
Roberts, G., Howard, K., Spittle, A.J., Brown, N.C., Anderson, P.J., & Doyle, L.W. (2008). Rates of early intervention services in very preterm children with developmental disabilities at age 2 years. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 44(5), 276–280. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01251.x Google Scholar
Rose, S.A., & Feldman, J.F. (1996). Memory and processing speed in preterm children at eleven years: A comparison with full-terms. Child Development, 67(5), 2005–2021. doi: 10.2307/1131606 Google Scholar
Scott, M., Taylor, G.H., Fristad, M.A., Klein, N., Espy, K.A., Minich, N., & Hack, M. (2012). Behavior disorders in extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children in kindergarten. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(3), 202–213. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182475287 Google Scholar
Shah, D.K., Anderson, P.J., Carlin, J.B., Pavlovic, M., Howard, K., Thompson, D.K., & Inder, T.E. (2006). Reduction in cerebellar volumes in preterm infants: Relationship to white matter injury and neurodevelopment at two years of age. Pediatric Research, 60(1), 97–102. doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000220324.27597.f0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimoni, M., Engel-Yeger, B., & Tirosh, E. (2012). Executive dysfunctions among boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Performance-based test and parents report. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(3), 858–865. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.12.014 Google Scholar
Shum, D., Neulinger, K., O’Callaghan, M., & Mohay, H. (2008). Attentional problems in children born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight at 7–9 years. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(1), 103–112. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smyser, C.D., Inder, T.E., Shimony, J.S., Hill, J.E., Degnan, A.J., Snyder, A.Z., & Neil, J.J. (2010). Longitudinal analysis of neural network development in preterm infants. Cerebral Cortex, 20(12), 2852–2862. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq035 Google Scholar
Taylor, G.H., Hack, M., & Klein, N. (1998). Attention deficits in children with <750 gm birth weight. Child Neuropsychology, 4(1), 21–34. doi: 10.1076/chin.4.1.21.3188 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, G.H., Minich, N.M., Bangert, B., Filipek, P.A., & Hack, M. (2004). Long-term neuropsychological outcomes of very low birth weight: Associations with early risks for periventricular brain insults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(7), 987–1004. doi: 10.1017/S1355617704107078 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, D.K., Inder, T.E., Faggian, N., Johnston, L., Warfield, S.K., Anderson, P.J., & Egan, G. F. (2011). Characterization of the corpus callosum in very preterm and full-term infants utilizing MRI. NeuroImage, 55(2), 479–490. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.025 Google Scholar
Treyvaud, K., Ure, A., Doyle, L.W., Lee, K.J., Rogers, C.E., Kidokoro, H., & Anderson, P.J. (2013). Psychiatric outcomes at age seven for very preterm children: Rates and predictors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(7), 772–779. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12040 Google Scholar
Urben, S., Van Hanswijck De Jonge, L., Barisnikov, K., Pizzo, R., Monnier, M., Lazeyras, F., & Hüppi, P. S. (2017). Gestational age and gender influence on executive control and its related neural structures in preterm-born children at 6 years of age. Child Neuropsychology, 23(2), 188–207. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1099619 Google Scholar
Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Baerts, W., Smrkovsky, M., & Sauer, P.J.J. (1993). Effects of biological and social factors on the cognitive development of very low birth weight children. Pediatrics, 92(5), 658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, S.J., Burgess, P.W., & Hill, E.L. (2009). Impairments on “open-ended” executive function tests in autism. Autism Research, 2(3), 138–147. doi: 10.1002/aur.78 Google Scholar
Wilson-Ching, M., Pascoe, L., Doyle, L.W., & Anderson, P.J. (2014). Effects of correcting for prematurity on cognitive test scores in childhood. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 50(3), 182–188. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12475 Google Scholar
Woodward, L.J., Anderson, P.J., Austin, N.C., Howard, K., & Inder, T.E. (2006). Neonatal MRI to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. The New England Journal of Medicine, 355(7), 685–694. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa053792 Google Scholar
Woodward, L.J., Clark, C.A.C., Pritchard, V.E., Anderson, P.J., & Inder, T.E. (2011). Neonatal white matter abnormalities predict global executive function impairment in children born very preterm. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(1), 22–41. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2011.540530 Google Scholar
Young, J.M., Morgan, B.R., Powell, T.L., Moore, A.M., Whyte, H.E.A., Smith, M.L., & Taylor, M.J. (2016). Associations of perinatal clinical and magnetic resonance imaging measures with developmental outcomes in children born very preterm. The Journal of Pediatrics, 170, 90–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.11.044 Google Scholar