Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:50:51.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Executive function as a predictor of inattentive behavior after traumatic brain injury

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2005

JUNGHOON KIM
Affiliation:
Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
JOHN WHYTE
Affiliation:
Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
TESSA HART
Affiliation:
Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MONICA VACCARO
Affiliation:
Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MARCIA POLANSKY
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
H. BRANCH COSLETT
Affiliation:
Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Abstract

Emerging evidence from recent studies using laboratory and naturalistic attention tasks suggests that individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have a deficit mainly in strategic control of attention. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that inattentive behavior after TBI could be predicted by performance on psychometric measures of executive function. A group of 37 individuals with moderate to severe TBI were assessed with previously validated naturalistic measures of attention. A battery of neuropsychological tests was also administered to assess various aspects of executive function. Seven measures of executive function and 10 variables reflecting inattentive behavior were combined to form 1 executive and 3 inattentive behavior (IB) composite scores. Three predictors (executive composite, current disability scores, and age) were associated, at the univariate level, with one of the IB composites reflecting frequency and duration of off-task episodes. A stepwise multiple regression procedure indicated that the executive composite was the only significant predictor of the IB composite. Additional post-hoc regression analyses suggested that the relationship was not likely to be mediated by processing speed. The current study supports the hypothesis that executive function, measured by commonly used neuropsychological tests, significantly predicts certain aspects of inattentive behavior in real-world tasks after TBI. (JINS, 2005, 11, 434–445.)

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2005 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, J.H., Graham, D.I., Scott, G., Parker, L.S., & Doyle, D. (1980). Brain damage in fatal non-missile head injury. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 33, 11321145.Google Scholar
Alban, J.P., Hopson, M.M., Ly, V., & Whyte, J. (2004). Effect of methylphenidate on vital signs and adverse effects in adults with traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83, 131137.Google Scholar
Auerbach, S.H. (1986). Neuroanatomical correlates of attention and memory disorders in traumatic brain injury: An application of neurobehavioral subtypes. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1, 112.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (1996). The fractionation of working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 1346813472.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (1998). The central executive: A concept and some misconceptions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 523526.Google Scholar
Bashore, T.R. & Ridderinkhof, K.R. (2002). Older age, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive slowing: some convergent and divergent findings. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 151198.Google Scholar
Bate, A.J., Mathias, J.L., & Crawford, J.R. (2001). The covert orienting of visual attention following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 386398.Google Scholar
Bell-McGinty, S., Podell, K., Franzen, M., Baird, A.D., & Williams, M.J. (2002). Standard measures of executive function in predicting instrumental activities of daily living in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 828834.Google Scholar
Benton, A.L. & Hamsher, K. (1983). Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City, IA: AJA Associates.
Blair, J.R. & Spreen, O. (1989). Predicting premorbid IQ: A revision of the National Adult Reading Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 129136.Google Scholar
Blumbergs, P.C., Jones, N.R., & North, J.B. (1989). Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 52, 838841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, P.A., Malloy, P.F., Salloway, S., Cahn-Weiner, D.A., Cohen, R., & Cummings, J.L. (2003). Executive dysfunction and apathy predict functional impairment in Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 214221.Google Scholar
Brown, J. (1958). Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 1221.Google Scholar
Burgess, P.W., Alderman, N., Evans, J., Emslie, H., & Wilson, B.A. (1998). The ecological validity of tests of executive function. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 547558.Google Scholar
Cahn-Weiner, D.A., Malloy, P.F., Boyle, P.A., Marran, M., & Salloway, S. (2000). Prediction of functional status from neuropsychological tests in community-dwelling elderly individuals. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 187195.Google Scholar
Challman, T.D. & Lipsky, J.J. (2000). Methylphenidate: Its pharmacology and uses. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 75, 711721.Google Scholar
Corbetta, M. & Shulman, G.L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. National Review of Neuroscience, 3, 201215.Google Scholar
Downing, P.E. (2000). Interactions between visual working memory and selective attention. Psychological Science, 11, 467473.Google Scholar
Duncan, J., Johnson, R., Swales, M., & Freer, C. (1997). Frontal lobe deficits after head injury: Unity and diversity of function. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 713741.Google Scholar
Duncan, J. & Owen, A.M. (2000). Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Trends in Neurosciences, 23, 475483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godefroy, O., Lhullier, C., & Rousseaux, M. (1996). Non-spatial attention disorders in patients with frontal or posterior brain damage. Brain, 119 (Pt 1), 191202.Google Scholar
Gronwall, D. (1987). Advances in the assessment of attention and information processing after head injury. In H.S. Levin & J. Grafman (Eds.), Neurobehavioral recovery from head injury (pp. 355371). London: Oxford University Press.
Hanks, R.A., Rapport, L.J., Millis, S.R., & Deshpande, S.A. (1999). Measures of executive functioning as predictors of functional ability and social integration in a rehabilitation sample. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80, 10301037.Google Scholar
Hart, T. & Hayden, M.E. (1986). The ecological validity of neuropsychological assessment and remediation. In B.P. Uzzell & Y. Gross (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology of intervention (pp. 2150). Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishing.
Hart, T., Millis, S., Novack, T., Englander, J., Fidler-Sheppard, R., & Bell, K.R. (2003). The relationship between neuropsychologic function and level of caregiver supervision at 1 year after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84, 221230.Google Scholar
Hartman, A., Pickering, R.M., & Wilson, B.A. (1992). Is there a central executive deficit after severe head injury? Clinical Rehabilitation, 6, 133140.Google Scholar
Heaton, R.K., & the PAR Staff. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Computer Version 2.
Kerns, K.A. & Mateer, C.A. (1996). Walking and chewing gum: The impact of attentional capacity on everyday activities. In R.J. Sbordone & C.J. Long (Eds.), Ecological validity of neuropsychological testing (pp. 147169). Delray Beach, FL: Gr Press/St Lucie Press, Inc.
Lee, G.P., Strauss, E., Loring, D.W., McCloskey, L., & Haworth, J.M. (1997). Sensitivity of figural fluency on the Five-Point test to focal neurological dysfunction. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 5968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, B., Stuss, D.T., & Milberg, W.P. (1995). Concept generation: Validation of a test of executive functioning in a normal aging population. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 740758.Google Scholar
Levine, B., Robertson, I.H., Clare, L., Carter, G., Hong, J., Wilson, B.A., Duncan, J., & Stuss, D.T. (2000). Rehabilitation of executive functioning: an experimental-clinical validation of goal management training. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 299312.Google Scholar
Loken, W.J., Thornton, A.E., Otto, R.L., & Long, C.J. (1995). Sustained attention after severe closed head injury. Neuropsychology, 9, 592598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattson, A.J. & Levin, H.S. (1990). Frontal lobe dysfunction following closed head injury. A review of the literature. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 282291.Google Scholar
McDowell, S., Whyte, J., & D'Esposito, M. (1997). Working memory impairments in traumatic brain injury: evidence from a dual-task paradigm. Neuropsychologia, 35, 13411353.Google Scholar
McKinlay, W.W., Brooks, D.N., Bond, M.R., Martinage, D.P., & Marshall, M.M. (1981). The short-term outcome of severe blunt head injury as reported by relatives of the injured persons. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 44, 527533.Google Scholar
Miller, E. (1970). Simple and choice reaction time following severe head injury. Cortex, 6, 121127.Google Scholar
Miller, E.K. (2000). The prefrontal cortex: No simple matter. Neuroimage, 11, 447450.Google Scholar
Mirsky, A.F., Anthony, B.J., Duncan, C.C., Ahearn, M.B., & Kellam, S.G. (1991). Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach. Neuropsychology Review, 2, 109145.Google Scholar
Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T.D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49100.Google Scholar
Park, N.W., Moscovitch, M., & Robertson, I.H. (1999). Divided attention impairments after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 37, 11191133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, L. & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193198.Google Scholar
Petrides, M. & Milner, B. (1982). Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 20, 249262.Google Scholar
Ponsford, J. & Kinsella, G. (1992). Attentional deficits following closed-head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 822838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponsford, J.L., Olver, J.H., & Curran, C. (1995). A profile of outcome: 2 years after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 9, 110.Google Scholar
Posner, M.I. (1986). Chronometric explorations of mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
Posner, M.I. & Petersen, S.E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 2542.Google Scholar
Pratt, J. & Hommel, B. (2003). Symbolic control of visual attention: The role of working memory and attentional control settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 835845.Google Scholar
Randolph, C., Braun, A.R., Goldberg, T.E., & Chase, T.N. (1993). Semantic fluency in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease: Dissociation of storage and retrieval failures. Neuropsychology, 7, 8288.Google Scholar
Rappaport, M., Hall, K.M., Hopkins, K., Belleza, T., & Cope, D.N. (1982). Disability rating scale for severe head trauma: Coma to community. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 63, 118123.Google Scholar
Rapport, L.J., Hanks, R.A., Millis, S.R., & Deshpande, S.A. (1998). Executive functioning and predictors of falls in the rehabilitation setting. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79, 629633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regard, M., Strauss, E., & Knapp, P. (1982). Children's production on verbal and non-verbal fluency tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 839844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reitan, R.M. & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Tuscon, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Royall, D.R., Lauterbach, E.C., Cummings, J.L., Reeve, A., Rummans, T.A., Kaufer, D.I., LaFrance, W.C., Jr., & Coffey, C.E. (2002). Executive control function: a review of its promise and challenges for clinical research. A report from the Committee on Research of the American Neuropsychiatric Association. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 14, 377405.Google Scholar
Sbordone, R.J. (2001). Limitations of neuropsychological testing to predict the cognitive and behavioral functioning of persons with brain injury in real-world settings. NeuroRehabilitation. 16, 199201.Google Scholar
Spikman, J.M., van der Naalt, J., Van Weerden, T.W., & Van Zomeren, A.H. (2004). Indices of slowness of information processing in head injury patients: tests for selective attention related to ERP latencies. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 851861.Google Scholar
Stablum, F., Mogentale, C., & Umilta, C. (1996). Executive functioning following mild closed head injury. Cortex, 32, 261278.Google Scholar
Stuss, D.T., Stethem, L.L., Hugenholtz, H., Picton, T., Pivik, J., & Richard, M.T. (1989). Reaction time after head injury: Fatigue, divided and focused attention, and consistency of performance. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 52, 742748.Google Scholar
Stuss, D.T., Pogue, J., Buckle, L., & Bondar, J. (1994). Characterization of stability of performance in patients with traumatic brain injury: Variability and consistency on reaction time tests. Neuropsychology, 8, 316324.Google Scholar
Trenerry, M.R., Crosson, B., DeBoe, J., & Leber, W.R. (1989). Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Troyer, A.K. (2000). Normative data for clustering and switching on verbal fluency tasks. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 370378.Google Scholar
van Zomeren, A.H. (1981). Reaction time and attention after closed head injury. Groningen, The Netherlands: Krips Repro Meppel.
van Zomeren, A.H. & van den Burg, W. (1985). Residual complaints of patients two years after severe head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 48, 2128.Google Scholar
van Zomeren, A.H. & Brouwer, W.H. (1994). Clinical neuropsychology of attention. London: Oxford University Press.
Vriezen, E.R. & Pigott, S.E. (2002). The relationship between parental report on the BRIEF and performance-based measures of executive function in children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 296303.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Memory Scale–3rd edition. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
Whyte, J., Polansky, M., Fleming, M., Coslett, H.B., & Cavallucci, C. (1995). Sustained arousal and attention after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 33, 797813.Google Scholar
Whyte, J., Polansky, M., Cavallucci, C., Fleming, M., Lhulier, J., & Coslett, H.B. (1996). Inattentive behavior after traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 274281.Google Scholar
Whyte, J., Fleming, M., Polansky, M., Cavallucci, C., & Coslett, H.B. (1997a). Phasic arousal in response to auditory warnings after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 35, 313324.Google Scholar
Whyte, J., Hart, T., Schuster, K., Fleming, M., Polansky, M., & Coslett, H.B. (1997b). Effects of methylphenidate on attentional function after traumatic brain injury. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76, 440450.Google Scholar
Whyte, J. (1998). Attentional function after traumatic brain injury: What's impaired, what's preserved and why? In J. Ponsford, P. Snow, & V. Anderson (Eds.), International perspectives in traumatic brain injury. Proceedings of the Fifth International Association for the Study of Traumatic Brain Injury (pp. 154159). Bowen Hills, QLD: Australian Academic Press.
Whyte, J., Fleming, M., Polansky, M., Cavallucci, C., & Coslett, H.B. (1998b). The effects of visual distraction following traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 127136.Google Scholar
Whyte, J., Hart, T., Laborde, A., & Rosenthal, M. (1998a). Rehabilitation of the patient with traumatic brain injury. In J.A. DeLisa & B.M. Gans (Eds.), Rehabilitation medicine: Principles and practice (3rd ed., pp. 11911239). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.
Whyte, J., Schuster, K., Polansky, M., Adams, J., & Coslett, H.B. (2000). Frequency and duration of inattentive behavior after traumatic brain injury: Effects of distraction, task, and practice. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 111.Google Scholar
Whyte, J., Hart, T., Vaccaro, M., Grieb-Neff, P., Risser, A., Polansky, M., & Coslett, H.B. (2004). Effects of methylphenidate on attention deficits after traumatic brain injury: A multidimensional, randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83, 401420.Google Scholar
Wood, J.N. & Grafman, J. (2003). Human prefrontal cortex: processing and representational perspectives. National Review of Neuroscience, 4, 139147.Google Scholar
Yantis, S. (2000). Goal-directed and stimulus-driven determinants of attentional control. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII (pp. 73103). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Zasler, N. (1996). Neuromedical diagnosis and management of postconcussive disorders. In L. Horn & N. Zasler (Eds.), Medical rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury (pp. 133170). Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus.