Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T05:35:54.312Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Demographically Corrected Normative Standards for the Spanish Language Version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 January 2016

Kaitlin B. Casaletto ,
Anya Umlauf ,
Maria Marquine ,
Jennifer L. Beaumont Open the ORCID record for Jennifer L. Beaumont [Opens in a new window] ,
Daniel Mungas ,
Richard Gershon ,
Jerry Slotkin ,
Natacha Akshoomoff  and
Robert K. Heaton
Kaitlin B. Casaletto
Affiliation:
SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology; San Diego, California
Anya Umlauf
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry; San Diego, California
Maria Marquine
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry; San Diego, California
Jennifer L. Beaumont
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Department of Medical Social Sciences; Chicago, Illinois
Daniel Mungas
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis, Department of Neurology; Sacramento, California
Richard Gershon
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Department of Medical Social Sciences; Chicago, Illinois
Jerry Slotkin
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Department of Medical Social Sciences; Chicago, Illinois
Natacha Akshoomoff
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry; San Diego, California
Robert K. Heaton*
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry; San Diego, California
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Robert K. Heaton, Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnicity in the United States, yet there are limited well-validated neuropsychological tools in Spanish, and an even greater paucity of normative standards representing this population. The Spanish NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) is a novel neurocognitive screener; however, the original norms were developed combining Spanish- and English-versions of the battery. We developed normative standards for the Spanish NIHTB-CB, fully adjusting for demographic variables and based entirely on a Spanish-speaking sample. A total of 408 Spanish-speaking neurologically healthy adults (ages 18–85 years) and 496 children (ages 3–7 years) completed the NIH Toolbox norming project. We developed three types of scores: uncorrected based on the entire Spanish-speaking cohort, age-corrected, and fully demographically corrected (age, education, sex) scores for each of the seven NIHTB-CB tests and three composites (Fluid, Crystallized, Total Composites). Corrected scores were developed using polynomial regression models. Demographic factors demonstrated medium-to-large effects on uncorrected NIHTB-CB scores in a pattern that differed from that observed on the English NIHTB-CB. For example, in Spanish-speaking adults, education was more strongly associated with Fluid scores, but showed the strongest association with Crystallized scores among English-speaking adults. Demographic factors were no longer associated with fully corrected scores. The original norms were not successful in eliminating demographic effects, overestimating children’s performances, and underestimating adults’ performances on the Spanish NIHTB-CB. The disparate pattern of demographic associations on the Spanish versus English NIHTB-CB supports the need for distinct normative standards developed separately for each population. Fully adjusted scores presented here will aid in more accurately characterizing acquired brain dysfunction among U.S. Spanish-speakers. (JINS, 2016, 21, 364–374)

Keywords

Neuropsychological testNormsPsychometricsAssessmentCross-culturalCognition
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 22 , Supplement 3 , March 2016 , pp. 364 - 374
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambler, G., & Benner, A. (2008). mfp: Multivariable Fractional Polynomials. Retrieved from http://stat.ethz.ch/CRAN/.Google Scholar
Beaumont, J.L., Havlik, R., Cook, K.F., Hays, R.D., Wallner-Allen, K., Korper, S.P., & Gershon, R. (2013). Norming plans for the NIH Toolbox. Neurology, 80(11 Suppl 3), S87–S92. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872e70 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benson, G., de Felipe, J., Xiaodong, L., & Sano, M. (2014). Performance of Spanish-speaking community-dwelling elders in the United States on the Uniform Data Set (UDS). Alzheimers & Dementia, 10(S5), S338–S343. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.09.002 Google Scholar
Bonomi, A.E., Cella, D.F., Hahn, E.A., Bjordal, K., Sperner-Unterweger, B., Gangeri, L., & Zittoun, R. ( 1996). Multilingual translation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) quality of life measurement system. Quality of Life Research, 5, 309–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casaletto, K.B., Umlauf, A., Beaumont, J., Gershon, R., Slotkin, J., Akshoomoff, N., & Heaton, R.K. (2015). Demographically corrected normative standards for the English version of the NIH toolbox cognition battery. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 21, 1–14.Google Scholar
Cattell, R.B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cherner, M., Suarez, P., Lazzaretto, D., Fortuny, L.A., Mindt, M.R., Dawes, S., & Heaton, R. (2007). Demographically corrected norms for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-revised and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised in monolingual Spanish speakers from the U.S.-Mexico border region. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(3), 343–353. doi:S0887-6177(07)00016-9 [pii]10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eremenco, S.L., Cella, D., & Arnold, B.J. (2005). A comprehensive method for the translation and cross-cultural validation of health status questionnaires. Evaluation & The Health Professions, 28(2), 212–232.Google Scholar
Fuller, B., Bein, E., Kim, Y., & Rabe-Hesketh, S. (2015). Differing cognitive trajectories of Mexican American toddlers: The role of class, nativity, and maternal practices. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 37(2), 139–169. doi:10.1177/0739986315571113.Google Scholar
Gershon, R.C., Wagster, M.V., Hendrie, H.C., Fox, N.A., Cook, K.F., & Nowinski, C.J. (2013). NIH toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function. Neurology, 80(11 Suppl 3), S2–S6.Google Scholar
Heaton, R.K., Miller, S.W., Taylor, J.T., & Grant, I. (2004). Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and Caucasian adults. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.Google Scholar
Heaton, R.K., Akshoomoff, N., Tulsky, D., Mungas, D., Weintraub, S., Dikmen, S., & Gershon, R. (2014). Reliability and validity of composite scores from the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(6), 588–598. doi:10.1017/S1355617714000241 Google Scholar
Manly, J.J., Jacobs, D.M., Touradji, P., Small, S.A., & Stern, Y. (2002). Reading level attenuates differences in neuropsychological test performance between African American and White elders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(3), 341–348.Google Scholar
Manly, J.J., Byrd, D.A., Touradji, P., & Stern, Y. (2004). Acculturation, reading level, and neuropsychological test performance among African American elders. Applied Neuropsychology, 11(1), 37–46.Google Scholar
Mungas, D., Reed, B.R., Crane, P.K., Haan, M.N., & Gonzalez, H. (2004). Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS): Further development and psychometric characteristics. Psychological Assessment, 16(4), 347–359. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.4.347 Google Scholar
Mungas, D., Reed, B.R., Haan, M.N., & Gonzalez, H. (2005). Spanish and English neuropsychological assessment scales: Relationship to demographics, language, cognition, and independent function. Neuropsychology, 19(4), 466–475. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.466 Google Scholar
Mungas, D., Reed, B.R., Marshall, S.C., & Gonzalez, H.M. (2000). Development of psychometrically matched English and Spanish language neuropsychological tests for older persons. Neuropsychology, 14(2), 209–223.Google Scholar
Muñoz-Sandoval, A.F., Woodcock, R.W., McGrew, K.S., & Mather, N. (2005). Bateria III Woodcock-Muñoz. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.Google Scholar
Royston, P., & Altman, D.G. (1994). Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: Parsimonious parametric modeling. Applied Statistics, 43(3), 429–467.Google Scholar
Ryan, C. (2013). Language Use in the United States: 2011. American Community Survey Reports. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf.Google Scholar
Stricks, L., Pittman, J., Jacobs, D.M., Sano, M., & Stern, Y. (1998). Normative data for a brief neuropsychological battery administered to English- and Spanish-speaking community-dwelling elders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4(4), 311–318.Google Scholar
Taylor, M.J., & Heaton, R.K. (2001). Sensitivity and specificity of WAIS-III/WMS-III demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 867–874.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau (2014). Population estimates. National characteristics: Vintage 2013. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2013/index.html.Google Scholar
Weintraub, S., Dikmen, S.S., Heaton, R.K., Tulsky, D.S., Zelazo, P.D., Bauer, P.J., & Gershon, R.C. (2013). Cognition assessment using the NIH Toolbox. Neurology, 80, S54–S64. doi:10.1212/Wnl.0b013e3182872ded CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Casaletto supplementary material S1

Casaletto supplementary material S1

Download Casaletto supplementary material S1(File)
File 186.3 KB